【正文】 ，不是審美的對象，要把我們的思 想感情，達(dá)到“神與物游”的境界。其次，審美欣賞時(shí)的注意集中，用不著任何勉強(qiáng)，是一種忘乎所以的自由的享受，審美欣賞時(shí)，注意的集中，不是抽象的理解，而是形象的關(guān)照。⑶感受的完整性。每一個(gè)作為審美對象的形象，都是一個(gè)有生命的自成一個(gè)小天地的整體，才能欣賞到它的美。不僅這樣，我們欣賞者是把我們整個(gè)的身心意志和感情，全部地融化到作為整體的審美對象中去。作為整體的主體與作為整體的對象，二者交融契合，就形成了審美欣賞活動(dòng)中感受的完整性這一心理特征。⑷想象的生動(dòng)性。欣賞美，事實(shí)上也是一種想象的思維活動(dòng)。自然的物體，一旦加上 了主觀的想象，便忽然從沒有生命的自然物質(zhì)，變成了有情有意的美的形象。豐富多彩而有生動(dòng)活潑的審美欣賞，主要是通過想象來完成的。 2崇高的本質(zhì)： 答：崇高的形式和內(nèi)容常常顯得非常大，大到超過了我們的感受力和想象力，以至我們理解不了它，控制不了它，掌握不了它。我們面對它，不是受震動(dòng)，就是受驚駭，它始終高高地踞于我們之上。 這樣，我們做為人的本質(zhì)力量，不能不受到壓抑，遭到阻遏。但是，人不是自然的人，消極地匍匐在自然的面前，它有整個(gè)人類文化所蓄積起來的精神教養(yǎng)和人格理想，它以文化人的本質(zhì)力量和外界粗野 的自然力量相搏斗，它自己的本質(zhì)力量有了舒展和用武的場合，感到自己提高了，勝利了。這時(shí)，外在世界對它來說，不再是可怕的，而成了一個(gè)莊嚴(yán)的崇高世界了。這個(gè)崇高世界，事實(shí)上也是人被提高了的本質(zhì)力量的對象化。 2掌握喜劇性的本質(zhì)： 答：喜劇性從本質(zhì)上說，是以笑為手段，去否定生活中的不協(xié)調(diào)的形式，從中肯定生活中的美的藝術(shù)、社會(huì)現(xiàn)象、生活現(xiàn)象、乃至社會(huì)歷史事件。 2理解丑是近代精神的產(chǎn)物？ 答：⑴近代自然科學(xué)發(fā)達(dá)，一方面打破了上帝創(chuàng)世的神話，另一方面也打破了理性萬能的看法。 人是從動(dòng)物發(fā)展起 來的，他身上有許多動(dòng)物的、也就是非理性的東西。惡并不完全來自于外界，人自身就自有惡的根源，人的本質(zhì)力量不一定都是美的，他有丑的一方面。⑵ 19 世紀(jì)， 20 世紀(jì)都是人類遭災(zāi)遭難的時(shí)代。發(fā)動(dòng)戰(zhàn)爭，人們不能不感到空虛、恐懼和荒唐，就是在這種價(jià)值觀念轉(zhuǎn)變的情況下，人們內(nèi)心傳統(tǒng)的美的殿堂遭到摧毀，而且把丑當(dāng)作新的桅桿樹立起來。⑶ 20 世紀(jì)后，工業(yè)化的西方社會(huì)，出現(xiàn)了種種的畸形和矛盾：一方面，生產(chǎn)高度豐富化、社會(huì)化；另一方面，生活卻高度個(gè)人化、孤獨(dú)化，人與人之間，老死不相往來，就寧愿追求丑。 2作為中介，藝術(shù)品的特征 ： 答：⑴他律性。藝術(shù)品的意向是創(chuàng)作主體審美經(jīng)驗(yàn)和心理創(chuàng)造的結(jié)果，其基本特質(zhì)決定于創(chuàng)作主體；同時(shí)，藝術(shù)品中凝定的藝術(shù)家創(chuàng)造的意象只是潛在的，只有通過接受主體的欣賞活動(dòng)，才能重新被激活動(dòng)，所以它也受制于接受主體。因此，藝術(shù)品具有“他律性”。⑵形式符號性。藝術(shù)品以形式符號的方式負(fù)載著藝術(shù)意象而成為溝通兩個(gè)主體的紐帶。⑶開放性。藝術(shù)品作為中介，不能是封閉的，而只能是兩頭開放的，一方面，只有向藝術(shù)家開放，藝術(shù)家創(chuàng)造的意象，世界才能物態(tài)化，物化為藝術(shù)品。 另一方面，藝術(shù)品只有向接受者開放，才能呈現(xiàn)他的基本特質(zhì) 。從而形成現(xiàn)實(shí)的審美對象。 藝術(shù)接受的主體性特征？ 答：首先，藝術(shù)意象的再創(chuàng)造是審美對象在被接受過程中的現(xiàn)實(shí)生成。其次，藝術(shù)接受的主體性，源于接受者不同的“期待視界”。再次，藝術(shù)品形式的結(jié)構(gòu)，是一個(gè)特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)。 3美學(xué)研究的對象是什么？ 答：美學(xué)研究的對象應(yīng)當(dāng)定位在：以藝術(shù)為主要研究對象，并通過藝術(shù)來研究人對現(xiàn)實(shí)的審美關(guān)系，進(jìn)而研究各種審美對象、美感經(jīng)驗(yàn)、審美意識(shí)、審美范疇和美學(xué)思想。 3為什么美學(xué)應(yīng)當(dāng)以藝術(shù)為主要研究對象？ 答：因?yàn)椋潘囆g(shù)是人類審美意識(shí)的集中表現(xiàn)。⑵ 對于藝術(shù)的欣賞是一種不涉及直接功利性的審美行為。⑶對于審美對象的研究，通過藝術(shù)能更好地抓住其基本特征。⑷通過藝術(shù)研究審美觀念是一種行之有效的方法，往往會(huì)取得事半功倍的效果。因?yàn)?，特定時(shí)代的藝術(shù)是這一時(shí)代審美觀念的集中表現(xiàn)。 3美育的特點(diǎn)： 答：①是感性的，是通過潛移默化而作用于人的，是一種感化。②美感教育是非常愉快的，不僅用不著強(qiáng)制和勉強(qiáng)，而且是心甘情愿的，樂而忘返的。③美感教育是不可抗拒的，使人不得不然的，是動(dòng)于內(nèi)，從內(nèi)心的情的角度去打動(dòng)人的；④這種美育的愉悅性，不僅意味著消極的滿足每一個(gè)欣賞者的個(gè)人情感生活，而且還意味著激勵(lì)欣賞者滿足自身獨(dú)創(chuàng)性的需要；⑤美育具有陶冶性情或泄導(dǎo)身心的作用。 3美育是通過一些什么樣的途徑，來轉(zhuǎn)移我們的心理氣質(zhì)和精神面貌的？ 答：第一，從生理的興奮和快感，轉(zhuǎn)移到心理的恬適和愉悅。第二，從個(gè)別性的感受和形象，轉(zhuǎn)移到普遍性的觀照和沉思。第三，從功利性的占有和享受，轉(zhuǎn)移到超功利性的曠達(dá)和賞玩。 6 / 6 請您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩_∩)O謝謝?。?！ 2021年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄 Shanghai’s Suzhou Creek has witnessed much of the city’s history. Zhou Wenting travels this storied body of water and finds its most fascinating spots. Some lucky cities can boast a great body of water, like London with the river Thames and Paris with the river Seine. Shanghai is privileged enough to have two great bodies of water: Huangpu River and Suzhou River became famous when colonists established clusters of grand buildings on its banks on what became known as the bund. Today, the bund overlooks the breathtaking skyline of Lujiazui financial district. Shanghai’s other body of water, however, Suzhou Creek, has been somewhat overshadowed. Suzhou Creek links the inland cities of Jiangsu province with Shanghai. When the British colonists, who arrived in the city after it was opened as a mercial port in 1843 found they could reach Suzhou, Jiangsu province, via the creek, they named it Suzhou Creek. Thanks to its location, a large amount of cargo and travelers were transported via the creek before rail links were established. But after a century of being utilized as a waterway to transport goods and labor, the creek grew dark and smelly. Industrial factories were established along the banks. In the 1990s it became a key task of the city government to clean the creek. Suzhou Creek, which snakes 17 km from the iconic Waibaidu Bridge downtown to the outer ring road in west Shanghai, maps the changing periods of the city’s history, including the imprints of the concessions, the beginning of industrialization and the improvement in people’s living conditions. Where the Bund began Inbetween the shopping street of East Nanjing Road and the Bund, are a cluster of streets that give me the illusion that I am no longer in modern Shanghai. The streets are narrow and old and crisscross each other. Any old residential house may turn out to be a former office of the British, constructed in the 1880s. Pawnshops and hardware stores that are hard to find elsewhere, are plentiful here. This area, at the confluence of Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek, is called the Bund Origin. Countless tour buses stop at the site every day and visitors from around the world get off to see this place, the starting point of the concessions in the city. It all started in 1872, when the former British Consulate General was constructed and the Bund began its transformation into an the financial street of the East. Now the site of the former consulate is called “No 1 Waitanyuan”, which translates to “the Bund Origin”, to honor its beginnings. The entire plex of this historical site prises of five buildings, the former British Consulate General, the official residence of the consul, the former Union Church, the church apartments and the former Shanghai Rowing Club. The size of the courtyard is equivalent to that of four standard soccer fields. The building of the former consulate is a twostorey masonry building on an Hshaped plan in typical English renaissance style. The building is designed with a fivearch verandah on the ground floor with a raised terrace facing the garden, while the facade features an entry portico beneath a colonnaded loggia. It has been turned into a caf233。 where dinner and afternoon tea are available. Visitors can choose to sit indoors or outdoors to enjoy the magnificent gardens with nearly 30 ancient trees. Yuanmingyuan Road behind the plex is also a historical site. The road has been revamped as a pedestrian shopping street and highend brands have seized the best spots. Altogether, 14 old buil