【正文】 e concrete, when people of different languages contact, they will choose different elements from the structure of the two languages. The result of this contact depends on two categories: one is the intrafactors of a language。 the other is the extra factors such as social factors and psychological factors and so on (my translation, Xu Daming Language Change and Variation 250). The study of language contact is called contact linguistics. Contact linguistics in its narrow sense goes back to the early fifties of last century. During that time, cultural—linguistic contacts such as lexical borrowing had stood at the forefront of research. In Europe, the analysis of the linguistic contacts of classical languages and their effects had prevailed for a long time (qtd. in Coulmas 286). Again following Coulmas the contents of research in contact linguistics are Chapter One Literature Review 6 linguistic levels like phonology, syntax, and lexicon as well as discourse analysis, stylistics, and pragmatics (287). Besides, it contains external factors such as nation, language munity, language boundaries, migration, and many others (qtd. in Coulmas 287). According to Bloomfield, language contact is categorized into ―intimate contact‖ and ―cultural contact‖. The former means two languages are used under the same environment, such as in the case of immigration or a group conquered by another (444). This type of contact manifests in widespread societal bilingualism and wide varieties of functions that both languages are intended for. The latter refers to the contact due to cultural diffusion. It happens if different languages spoken in various speech areas having language contact involved with diffusion of cultural items or technology from one group to the other (445). The difference between the two types is that bilingualism is not required in the latter one. Outes of Language Contact No language is an isolated island and it always undergoes contact with other languages to varying degrees. Language contact not only exists in different languages but exists in different varieties of the same language. The certain result of language contact is the change in language structure and language function[2]. Language contact has been one of major subjects of research in many recent sociolinguistic studies. Xu thinks that under the criterion of research subject, language contact can be divided into the following aspects: social bilingualism, language borrowing, language interference, language shift, language mixing and code—switching and so on (my translation ―She Hui Yu Yan‖ 8384). Poplack holds that bilingualism is the most mon phenomenon of language contact. Besides, sustained contact between two languages may manifest itself in one or more of the linguistic ways: code—switching, lexical borrowing on the munity and individual levels, stylistic reduction, language death (25455).What‘s more, the outes of language contact are not necessarily just one form at a time. Furthermore, the boundaries among them are not that clear and they even in some way affect one another. Chapter One Literature Review 7 Language Contact Between Putonghua and Dialects China is a large, multiethnic coexistence family with rich dialects。 Chinese dialects are plex and changeable. The plexity reflects on two aspects: the kinds of dialects are plenty and the distinction among them is huge. But anyway they still belong to Chinese dialects and not different languages. Super dialect—Putonghua and written language acts as a bridge connecting other dialects. Putonghua has bee a necessary language skill for people in present society. With the increasing economical globalization and modernization, the contact between other dialects and super dialect are more and more frequent. They mutually impact. Putonghua, . standard Chinese, is a mon language used in Chinese different ethnic groups for munication. Putonghua is China‘s official language and it is also one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Putonghua is directed at standardization. It is also a mon language prescribed by law throughout the country. It is used nation widely including ethnic autonomous regions and inhabiting region of minorities[3]. According to article 19 of ―The Constitution of the People‘s Republic of China‖, ―The state promotes the use of mandarin.‖ And it establishes the legal status of Putonghua and standard spoken and written Chinese language standard[4]. There is a mon perception in China that people who can only speak local dialects are uneducated and lower class. This is a mon phenomenon in dialectstandard situations in which the instrument of written munication is a standard promoted by the education system。 and the dialect, by definition, has little if any written support (qtd. in Annick 331). Certainly, the ability to speak in a less local way is a condition for upward mobility. So the influence of Putonghua on dialect is powerful and the influence is mainly embodied in the peration and coexistence. Wu XiaoJun (10412) focuses on the young floating people about their language selection and language change under the background of urbanization. Other scholars like Li Hong (6673) and Gao Xiaoyan (190192), Wang Ling and Liu Yanqiu (12329) also interest in it. Besides, there are some researchers prefer to investigate the Chapter One Literature Review 8 language contact between minorities and Putonghua, such as Lian Chaoqi and Zhang J（ 13） , Dai Qingxia et al. (310).The contact between Hengyang dialect and Putonghua are not exceptional. The most influential and representative scholar who devoted to studying the contact of Putonghua and Hengyang dialect is Li Yongming. He gives a quite systematical and prehensive description to Hengyang dialect in terms of phonology, lexicon and grammar and t