【正文】 g). The hydrolyzed product of the hydrolysis of this starchacrylonitrile copolymer gave water absorption greater than 400 times its weight. Also, the gel did not release liquid water the way that fiberbased absorbents do. The polymer came to be known as “Super Slurper”. The USDA gave the technical know how several USA panies for further development of the basic technology. A wide range of grating binations were attempted including work with acrylic acid, acrylamide and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Since Japanese panies were excluded by the USDA, they started independent research using starch, carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), acrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and isobutylene maleic anhydride (IMA). Early global participants in the development of super absorbent chemistry included Dow Chemical, Hercules, General Mills Chemical, DuPont, National Starch amp。 Chemical, Enka (Akzo), Sanyo Chemical, Sumitomo Chemical, Kao, Nihon Starch and Japan Exlan. In the early 1970s, super absorbent polymer was used mercially for the first time – not for soil amendment applications as originally intended – but for disposable hygienic products. The first product markets were feminine sanitary napkins and adult incontinence products. In 1978, Park Davis (. Professional Medical Products) used super absorbent polymers in sanitary napkins. Super absorbent polymer was first used in Europe in a baby diaper in 1982 when Schickendanz and BeghinSay added the material to the absorbent core. Shortly thereafter, UniCharm introduced super absorbent baby diapers in Japan while Proctor amp。 Gamble and KimberlyClark in the USA began to use the material. The development of super absorbent technology and performance has been largely led by demands in the disposable hygiene segment. Strides in absorption performance have allowed the development of the ultrathin baby diaper which uses a fraction of the materials – particularly fluff pulp – which earlier disposable diapers consumed. 山東科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文 26 Over the years, technology has progressed so that there is little if any starchgrafted super absorbent polymer used in disposable hygienic products. These super absorbents typically are crosslinked acrylic homopolymers (usually Sodium neutralized). Super absorbents used in soil amendments applications tend to be crosslinked acrylicacrylamide copolymers (usually Potassium neutralized). Besides granular super absorbent polymers, ARCO Chemical developed a super absorbent fiber technology in the early 1990s. This technology was eventually sold to Camelot Absorbents. There are super absorbent fibers mercially available today. While significantly more expensive than the granular polymers, the super absorbent fibers offer technical advantages in certain niche markets including cable wrap, medical devices and food packaging. Sodium polyacrylate, also known as waterlock, is a polymer with the chemical formula [CH2CH(COONa)]n widely used in consumer products. It has the ability to absorb as much as 200 to 300 times its mass in water. Acrylate polymers generally are considered to possess an anionic charge. While sodium neutralized polyacrylates are the most mon form used in industry, there are also other salts available including potassium, lithium and ammonium. Applications Acrylates and acrylic chemistry have a wide variety of industrial uses that include: ? Sequestering agents in detergents. (By binding hard water elements such as calcium and magnesium, the surfactants in detergents work more efficiently.) ? Thickening agents ? Coatings ? Fake snow Super absorbent polymers. These crosslinked acrylic polymers are referred to as Super Absorbents and Water Crystals, and are used in baby diapers. Copolymer versions are used in agriculture and other specialty absorbent applications. The origins of super absorbent polymer chemistry trace back to the early 1960s when the 山東科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文 27 . Department of Agriculture developed the first super absorbent polymer materials. This chemical is featured in the Maximum Absorbency Garment used by NASA. 山東科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文 28 譯 文 聚丙烯酸鈉 聚丙烯酸鈉，又可以稱為超級(jí)吸收劑或者又叫高吸水性樹(shù)脂，凱博利克拉克教授曾經(jīng)稱它為 SAM 即：超級(jí)吸收性物質(zhì)。它經(jīng)常以細(xì)小顆粒的形式被應(yīng)用，例如食鹽。它有助于提高一次性尿布的保水能力，提高該產(chǎn)品的使用性能，并且使該產(chǎn)品越做越薄。在聚丙烯酸鈉分子中，羧基連接在主鏈上。當(dāng)聚丙烯酸鈉分子與水接觸時(shí)，分子中鈉分離出去，只剩下羧基。由于分子變成了帶有負(fù)電荷的結(jié)構(gòu)，所以這些離子相互排斥，使聚合物分 子交叉連接從而有效地形成了三維結(jié)構(gòu)。由于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的分子量超過(guò)一百萬(wàn)，所以它并沒(méi)有溶解，而是凝固成凝膠。在水分子 HOH 中，氫原子穩(wěn)定地存在于丙烯酸中是因?yàn)榇嬖谠渔I，這些鍵與分子中的極性鍵密切相關(guān)。在液體中的電解質(zhì)，例如礦物質(zhì)鹽（尿液中的含量為 %） ,降低電解質(zhì)的極性，進(jìn)而會(huì)影響吸水性，特別是對(duì)于保留高吸水性樹(shù)脂的液體容量。這就是為什么含有高吸水性樹(shù)脂的尿布不能僅僅用水進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)。線性分子的這種構(gòu)造在總吸水量上不如非線性分子，但是另一方面，線性分子的保水性能卻比非線性分子好很多，原因是極性增加提高了保水 性能。 超級(jí)吸收劑可以這樣進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)：它可以具有很高的吸水性但是保水性不佳，或者正相反。此外，我們可以在超級(jí)保水劑中添加表面交聯(lián)劑，這是一種可以幫助水分子進(jìn)行移動(dòng)的添加劑。這樣就可以避免形成凝膠塊的形成，解決了這樣一種難題： SAP 分子一旦達(dá)到飽和狀態(tài)，它將不再可以被移動(dòng)。 SAP 化學(xué)的歷史 直到上個(gè)世紀(jì)八十年代，吸水類物質(zhì)是纖維素或纖維素類的產(chǎn)品。產(chǎn)品僅限于紙巾、棉花、海綿和絨毛漿。這些類型保水類產(chǎn)品的保水能力至多是它們自身質(zhì)量的 20 倍。 山東科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文 29 在 60 年代初，美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部開(kāi)始了對(duì)吸水材料的研制工作，目的是要提高土壤的保水能力。他們開(kāi)發(fā)出一種方法，可以在淀粉分子的骨干上把丙烯腈嫁接到上面，即淀粉接枝聚丙烯腈。這種淀粉和丙烯腈的聚合物淀粉接枝聚丙烯腈水解后的吸水能力可以達(dá)到 400 倍于自身的質(zhì)量。但是，這種凝膠的釋水能力并沒(méi)有纖維素類的凝膠的釋水能力強(qiáng)。 這種聚合物被冠以 “超級(jí)吸水王 ”的美名。美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部把這項(xiàng)技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓給若干家有能力繼續(xù)深入研究這項(xiàng)基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)的美國(guó)公司。他們進(jìn)行了廣泛的研究，包括把纖維素和各種物質(zhì)進(jìn)行組合嘗試，產(chǎn)品有纖維素接枝聚丙烯酸，纖維素接枝丙烯 酰胺和纖維素聚乙烯醇 (PVA)等等。 由于日本的公司被美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部排斥在外，他們開(kāi)始獨(dú)立進(jìn)行這方面的研究。他們對(duì)淀粉、羧甲基纖維素 (CMC)、丙烯酸、聚乙烯醇 (PVA)和異丁烯、馬來(lái)酸酐 (IMA)進(jìn)行研究。 在高效吸水劑化學(xué)工業(yè)發(fā)展的早期，很多大的公司參與進(jìn)來(lái)，其中包括陶氏化學(xué)、大力士化學(xué)、通用米氏化學(xué)、杜邦公司，日本國(guó)民淀粉化學(xué)公司、三洋化學(xué)公司、住友化學(xué)公司、花王化學(xué)公司以及日本淀粉化學(xué)公司。 在 70 年代初，高吸水性樹(shù)脂不僅以前廣泛應(yīng)用于人們的初衷，即改善土壤保水性的領(lǐng)域，而且第一次被應(yīng)用于商業(yè)領(lǐng)域：可任 意使用的人們的日常衛(wèi)生用品。但是第一個(gè)產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)是女性衛(wèi)生巾和成人失禁產(chǎn)品。 1978 年，帕克戴維斯把高效吸水劑用于衛(wèi)生保水領(lǐng)域。 這是一個(gè)歷史性的新突破，從此保水劑的應(yīng)用迎來(lái)了新的一頁(yè)。 高效吸水保水材料于 1982 年在歐洲首先被應(yīng)用于嬰兒尿布領(lǐng)域，是斯切克坦慈和俾金絲先生在嬰兒尿布中添加了 作為該產(chǎn)品的 核心 的高 吸水材料。此后不久，聯(lián)合麗華公司從日本引進(jìn)了高吸水性嬰兒尿布，而寶潔公司和金百利公司在美國(guó)也開(kāi)始使用這種新材料。 高吸水保水性樹(shù)脂技術(shù)和發(fā)展很大程度上是由于衛(wèi)生領(lǐng)域?qū)σ淮涡允褂玫男l(wèi)生產(chǎn)品的巨大需求所推動(dòng)的。由于吸收性能的大大提高和跨越式發(fā)展，客觀上已經(jīng)具備了生產(chǎn)超薄嬰兒紙尿褲的實(shí)力。尤其得益于吸水材料的發(fā)展， 更加是絨毛漿的誕生， 所以 產(chǎn)生了早期的一次性尿布。 多年來(lái)，隨著技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，幾乎每一種淀粉接枝類高吸水性樹(shù)脂都應(yīng)用在了一次性衛(wèi)生用品上。這些