【正文】 有一個(gè)動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)，沒有動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)是難以發(fā)展的。教師成長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)由諸多因素構(gòu) 成，比如思想道德、興趣愛好、身心狀態(tài)等，但是，最核心的是他們對(duì)待教育事業(yè)的態(tài)度即敬業(yè)精神。 2）骨干教師的成長(zhǎng)過程是他們的教育教學(xué)素質(zhì)不斷提高和更新結(jié)構(gòu)的過程 教師的成長(zhǎng)取決于其素質(zhì)的發(fā)展變化。這個(gè)過程包括三層意思：第一，他們的成長(zhǎng)過程就是一個(gè)不斷提高專業(yè)素質(zhì)的過程；第二，素質(zhì)的特點(diǎn)對(duì)于實(shí)踐活動(dòng)應(yīng)該具有一定的適應(yīng)性；第三，骨干教師的成長(zhǎng)過程，是其素質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)不斷調(diào)整的過程。教師素質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)的變化可以從這樣幾個(gè)維度去反映：一般文化素質(zhì)與教育教學(xué)素質(zhì)，書本知識(shí)與實(shí)際知識(shí)，常規(guī)教育工作所需要的教育教學(xué)基本功與創(chuàng)造性教育工 作所需要的創(chuàng)造性素質(zhì)，部分的局部的素質(zhì)與全面的系統(tǒng)的素質(zhì)，政治思想素質(zhì)與教育教學(xué)業(yè)務(wù)素質(zhì)。 3）骨干教師的成長(zhǎng)過程是一個(gè)不斷學(xué)習(xí)、不斷實(shí)踐、不斷創(chuàng)造的過程 骨干教師之所以有較高的素質(zhì)水平，有合理完善和不斷調(diào)整的素質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)，那是他們不斷學(xué)習(xí)、不斷實(shí)踐、不斷創(chuàng)新的結(jié)果。在這里，我們把骨干教師的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)劃分為三種，即學(xué)習(xí)、教學(xué)實(shí)踐、創(chuàng)造。這三種活動(dòng)在形成骨干教師素質(zhì)的過程中有著不同的作用。學(xué)習(xí)主要是提高他們的理論水平，開闊視野；教學(xué)實(shí)踐主要是提高他們教育教學(xué)的實(shí)踐能力；而創(chuàng)造主要是提高他們的創(chuàng)造性素質(zhì)，促使他們作出 創(chuàng)造性成就。 4）骨干教師的成長(zhǎng)過程是一個(gè)不斷利用外部資源和條件，進(jìn)行優(yōu)勢(shì)積累的過程 骨干教師在教育教學(xué)素質(zhì)上的優(yōu)勢(shì)及適應(yīng)性，一方面決定于他們不斷學(xué)習(xí)，不斷實(shí)踐，不斷創(chuàng)造，即他們的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)；另一方面，也取決于他們的生活環(huán)境和外部條件。一般說來，在他們成長(zhǎng)的過程中，他們有著相對(duì)的資源優(yōu)勢(shì)和比較有利的外部條件，從而形成外部的優(yōu)勢(shì)積累。影響他們成長(zhǎng)的環(huán)境因素有以下幾個(gè)方面：家庭環(huán)境和所受教育是教師成長(zhǎng)的沃土；學(xué)校工作條件是教師發(fā)展的重要因素；社會(huì)背景對(duì)教師成長(zhǎng)的影響；機(jī)遇因素。 5）骨干教師的成長(zhǎng)過程是一個(gè)不斷的 由目標(biāo)到反饋的自我監(jiān)控過程自我監(jiān)控就是某一客觀事物為了達(dá)到預(yù)定的目標(biāo)，將自身進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)過程作為對(duì)象，不斷地對(duì)其進(jìn)行積極的計(jì)劃、監(jiān)察、檢查、評(píng)價(jià)、反饋、控制和調(diào)節(jié)的過程。教師的成長(zhǎng)，在于他們非常重視目標(biāo)的確定。他們確定目標(biāo)的基礎(chǔ)，是根據(jù)自身的需要和社會(huì)的需要。教師的 11 成長(zhǎng)，還在于他們非常重視反饋調(diào)節(jié)環(huán)節(jié)。 2蘇霍姆林斯基的故事。 前蘇聯(lián)教育家蘇霍姆林斯基： “真正的教師必是讀書愛好者，這是我校集體生活的一條金科玉律，而且已成為傳統(tǒng)。一種熱愛書、尊重書、崇拜書的氣氛，乃 是學(xué)校和教育工作的實(shí)質(zhì)所在 ”。 事實(shí)也是這樣，蘇工作以后，仍然熱愛學(xué)習(xí)，他把學(xué)校開設(shè)的各科教材，參考書都學(xué)了一遍，有的還做了練習(xí)題。他為了了解學(xué)生的健康，攻讀醫(yī)學(xué)著作。還了解數(shù)學(xué)、物理、生物、電子學(xué)等學(xué)科的最新學(xué)科水平，還閱讀遺傳學(xué)，自動(dòng)化技術(shù)，電子學(xué)，天文學(xué)等方面的科學(xué)著作，他的藏書也有 2萬多冊(cè)。后來，他還通過博士論文答辨。在蘇的影響下，帕夫雷什中學(xué)的教師都成為讀書愛好者。 K* E5 v) y7 Q 問題：請(qǐng)結(jié)合例子，談?wù)勀銓?duì)教師應(yīng)該樹 立怎樣的自我發(fā)展，終身學(xué)習(xí)的理念？ * |9 h4 A0 m, u: T 答案：（ 1）關(guān)于教師的知識(shí)或者業(yè)務(wù)素質(zhì)，有理論叫 “河源論 ”，即教師要象一條河，河水要源源不斷。教師的素質(zhì)，是在先天遺傳的基礎(chǔ)上，主要通過后天的學(xué)習(xí)得來。由于知識(shí)增加的速度和更新速度快，對(duì)教師素質(zhì)的要求也不斷變化，這就提出終身學(xué)習(xí)必要性。一個(gè)人只有堅(jiān)持終身學(xué)習(xí)，才能在教育上取得成績(jī)。（ 2）因此在教師的專業(yè)發(fā)展上，我們提倡如下理念：第一，發(fā)展和學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)該是自主的，而不是依靠外部的；第二，發(fā)展和學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)該是可持續(xù)的和長(zhǎng)期的；第三，學(xué)習(xí)和發(fā)展的內(nèi)容 和途徑應(yīng)該是全方位的；第四，教師達(dá)到較高的專業(yè)水準(zhǔn)是完全可能和有潛能的；第五，應(yīng)該結(jié)合工作與工作中的問題來學(xué)習(xí)，增強(qiáng)學(xué)習(xí)與發(fā)展的計(jì)劃性。（ 3）蘇雷姆林斯基給我們的啟示（略）。 12 請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩_∩)O謝謝！??！ 2021年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄 Shanghai’s Suzhou Creek has witnessed much of the city’s history. Zhou Wenting travels this storied body of water and finds its most fascinating spots. Some lucky cities can boast a great body of water, like London with the river Thames and Paris with the river Seine. Shanghai is privileged enough to have two great bodies of water: Huangpu River and Suzhou River became famous when colonists established clusters of grand buildings on its banks on what became known as the bund. Today, the bund overlooks the breathtaking skyline of Lujiazui financial district. Shanghai’s other body of water, however, Suzhou Creek, has been somewhat overshadowed. Suzhou Creek links the inland cities of Jiangsu province with Shanghai. When the British colonists, who arrived in the city after it was opened as a mercial port in 1843 found they could reach Suzhou, Jiangsu province, via the creek, they named it Suzhou Creek. Thanks to its location, a large amount of cargo and travelers were transported via the creek before rail links were established. But after a century of being utilized as a waterway to transport goods and labor, the creek grew dark and smelly. Industrial factories were established along the banks. In the 1990s it became a key task of the city government to clean the creek. Suzhou Creek, which snakes 17 km from the iconic Waibaidu Bridge downtown to the outer ring road in west Shanghai, maps the changing periods of the city’s history, including the imprints of the concessions, the beginning of industrialization and the improvement in people’s living conditions. Where the Bund began Inbetween the shopping street of East Nanjing Road and the Bund, are a cluster of streets that give me the illusion that I am no longer in modern Shanghai. The streets are narrow and old and crisscross each other. Any old residential house may turn out to be a former office of the British, constructed in the 1880s. Pawnshops and hardware stores that are hard to find elsewhere, are plentiful here. This area, at the confluence of Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek, is called the Bund Origin. Countless tour buses stop at the site every day and visitors from around the world get off to see this place, the starting point of the concessions in the city. It all started in 1872, when the former British Consulate General was constructed and the Bund began its transformation into an the financial street of the East. Now the site of the former consulate is called “No 1 Waitanyuan”, which translates to “the Bund Origin”, to honor its beginnings. The entire plex of this historical site prises of five buildings, the former British Consulate General, the official residence of the consul, the former Union Church, the church apartments and the former Shanghai Rowing Club. The size of the courtyard is equivalent to that of four standard soccer fields. The building of the former consulate is a twostorey masonry building on an Hshaped plan in typical English renaissance style. The building is designed with a fivearch verandah on the ground floor with a raised terrace facing the garden, while the facade features an entry portico beneath a colonnaded loggia. It has been turned into a caf233。 where dinner and afternoon tea are available. Visitors can choose to sit indoors or outdoors to enjoy the magnificent gardens with nearly 30 ancient trees. Yuanmingyuan Road behind the plex is also a historical site. The road has been revamped as a pedestrian shopping street and highend brands have seized the best spots. Altogether, 14 old buildings, including those used for offices and residences constructed during 1920s and 1930s, remain. Today, it is a popular location for mercial fashion photo shoots. New Tian’an Church, or Union Church, stands at the intersection of Yuanmingyuan Road and Suzhou Creek. The church, designed in the style of the English countryside, has a capacity of 500 people. It was very popular during the concession period but was converted into factory offices after 1949. The c