【正文】
que transmitted, the energy loss and the temperature rise. The torque transmitted is related to the actuating force, the coefficient of friction, and the geometry of the clutch or brake. This is problem in static, which will have to be 湖南理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文) 31 studied separately for eath geometric configuration. However, temperature rise is related to energy loss and can be studied without regard to the type of brake or clutch because the geometry of interest is the heatdissipating surfaces. The various types of clutches and brakes may be classified as fllows: 1. Rim type with internally expanding shoes 2. Rim type with externally contracting shoes 3. Band type 4. Disk or axial type 5. Cone type 6. Miscellaneous type The analysis of all type of friction clutches and brakes use the same general procedure. The following step are necessary: 1. Assume or determine the distribution of pressure on the frictional surfaces. 2. Find a relation between the maximum pressure and the pressure at any point 3. Apply the condition of statical equilibrium to find (a) the actuating force, (b) the torque, and (c) the support reactions. Miscellaneous clutches include several types, such as the positivecontact clutches, overloadrelease clutches, overrunning clutches, magic fluid clutches, and others. A positivecontact clutch consists of a shift lever and two jaws. The greatest differences between the various types of positive clutches are concerned with the design of the jaws. To provide a longer period of time for shift action during engagement, the jaws may be ratchetshaped, or geartoothshaped. Sometimes a great many teeth or jaws are used, and they may be cut either circumferentially, so that they engage by cylindrical mating, or on the faces of the mating elements. Although positive clutches are not used to the extent of the frictionalcontact type, they do have important applications where synchronous operation is required. Devices such as linear drives or motoroperated screw drivers must run to definite limit and then e to a stop. An overloadrelease type of clutch is required for these applications. These clutches are usually springloaded so as to release at a 湖南理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文) 32 predetermined toque. The clicking sound which is heard when the overload point is reached is considered to be a desirable signal. An overrunning clutch or coupling permits the driven member of a machine to “freewheel” or “overrun” because the driver is stopped or because another source of power increase the speed of the driven. This type of clutch usually uses rollers or balls mounted between an outer sleeve and an inner member having flats machined around the periphery. Driving action is obtained by wedging the rollers between the sleeve and the flats. The clutch is therefore equivalent to a pawl and ratchet with an infinite number of teeth. Magic fluid clutch or brake is a relatively new development which has two parallel magic plates. Between these plates is a lubricated magic powder mixture. An electromagic coil is inserted somewhere in the magic circuit. By varying the excitation to this coil, the shearing strength of the magic fluid mixture may be accurately controlled. Thus any condition from a full slip to a frozen lockup may be obtained. 湖南理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文) 33 譯文 齒輪和軸的介紹 在直齒圓柱齒輪的受力分析中,是假定各力作用在單一平面的。我們將研究作用力具有三維坐標(biāo)的齒輪。因此,在斜齒輪的情況下,其齒向是不平行于回轉(zhuǎn)軸線(xiàn)的。而在錐齒輪的情況中各回轉(zhuǎn)軸線(xiàn)互相不平行。像我們要討論的那樣,尚有其他道理需要學(xué)習(xí),掌握。 斜齒輪用于傳遞平行軸之間的運(yùn)動(dòng)。傾斜角度每個(gè)齒輪都一樣,但一個(gè)必須右旋斜齒,而另一個(gè)必須是左旋斜齒。齒的形狀是一濺開(kāi)線(xiàn)螺旋面。如果一張被剪成平行四邊形(矩形)的紙張包圍在齒輪圓柱體上,紙上印出齒的角刃邊就變成斜線(xiàn)。如果我 展開(kāi)這張紙,在血角刃邊上的每一個(gè)點(diǎn)就發(fā)生一漸開(kāi)線(xiàn)曲線(xiàn)。 直齒圓柱齒輪輪齒的初始接觸處是跨過(guò)整個(gè)齒面而伸展開(kāi)來(lái)的線(xiàn)。斜齒輪輪齒的初始接觸是一點(diǎn),當(dāng)齒進(jìn)入更多的嚙合時(shí),它就變成線(xiàn)。在直齒圓柱齒輪中,接觸是平行于回轉(zhuǎn)軸線(xiàn)的。在斜齒輪中,該先是跨過(guò)齒面的對(duì)角線(xiàn)。它是齒輪逐漸進(jìn)行嚙合并平穩(wěn)的從一個(gè)齒到另一個(gè)齒傳遞運(yùn)動(dòng),那樣就使斜齒輪具有高速重載下平穩(wěn)傳遞運(yùn)動(dòng)的能力。斜齒輪使軸的軸承承受徑向和軸向力。當(dāng)軸向推力變的大了或由于別的原因而產(chǎn)生某些影響時(shí),那就可以使用人字齒輪。雙斜齒輪(人字齒輪)是與反向的并排地裝在同一軸上 的兩個(gè)斜齒輪等效。他們產(chǎn)生相反的軸向推力作用,這樣就消除了軸向推力。當(dāng)兩個(gè)或更多個(gè)單向齒斜齒輪被在同一軸上時(shí),齒輪的齒向應(yīng)作選擇,以便產(chǎn)生最小的軸向推力。 交錯(cuò)軸斜齒輪或螺旋齒輪,他們是軸中心線(xiàn)既不相交也不平行。交錯(cuò)軸斜齒輪的齒彼此之間發(fā)生點(diǎn)接觸,它隨著齒輪的磨合而變成線(xiàn)接觸。因此他們只能傳遞小的載荷和主要用于儀器設(shè)備中,而且肯定不能推薦在動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)中使用。交錯(cuò)軸斜齒輪與斜齒輪之間在被安裝后互相捏合之前是沒(méi)有任何區(qū)別的。它們是以同樣的方法進(jìn)行制造。一對(duì)相嚙合的交錯(cuò)軸斜齒輪通常具有同樣的齒向,即左旋主動(dòng)齒輪跟右 旋從動(dòng)齒輪相嚙合。在交錯(cuò)軸斜齒設(shè)計(jì)中,當(dāng)該齒的斜角相等時(shí)所產(chǎn)生滑移速度最小。然而當(dāng)該齒的斜角不相等時(shí),如果兩個(gè)齒輪具有相同齒向的話(huà),大斜角齒輪應(yīng)用作主動(dòng)齒輪。 蝸輪與交錯(cuò)軸斜齒輪相似。小齒輪即蝸桿具有較小的齒數(shù),通常是一到四齒,由于它們完全纏繞在節(jié)圓柱上,因此它們被稱(chēng)為螺紋齒。與其相配的齒輪叫做蝸輪,蝸輪不是真正的斜齒輪。蝸桿和蝸輪通常是用于向垂直相交軸之間的傳動(dòng)提湖南理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文) 34 供大的角速度減速比。蝸輪不是斜齒輪,因?yàn)槠潺X頂面做成中凹形狀以適配蝸桿曲率,目的是要形成線(xiàn)接觸而不是點(diǎn)接觸。然而蝸桿蝸輪傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)中 存在齒間有較 大滑移速度的缺點(diǎn),正像交錯(cuò)軸斜齒輪那樣。 蝸桿蝸輪機(jī)構(gòu)有單包圍和雙包圍機(jī)構(gòu)。單包圍機(jī)構(gòu)就是蝸輪包裹著蝸桿的一種機(jī)構(gòu)。當(dāng)然,如果每個(gè)構(gòu)件各自局部地包圍著對(duì)方的蝸輪機(jī)構(gòu)就是雙包圍蝸輪蝸桿機(jī)構(gòu)。著兩者之間的重要區(qū)別是,在雙包圍蝸輪組的輪齒間有面接觸,而在單包圍的蝸輪組的輪齒間有線(xiàn)接觸。一個(gè)裝置中的蝸桿和蝸輪正像交錯(cuò)軸斜齒輪那樣具有相同的齒向,但是其斜齒齒角的角度是極不相同的。蝸桿上的齒斜角度通常很大,而蝸輪上的則極小,因此習(xí)慣常規(guī)定蝸桿的導(dǎo)角,那就是蝸桿齒斜角的余角;也規(guī)定了蝸輪上的齒斜角,該兩角之和就等于 90 度的軸線(xiàn)交角。 當(dāng)齒輪要用來(lái)傳遞相交軸之間的運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),就需要某種形式的錐齒輪。雖然錐齒輪通常制造成能構(gòu)成 90 度軸交角,但它們也可產(chǎn)生任何角度的軸交角。輪齒可以鑄出,銑制或滾切加工。僅就滾齒而言就可達(dá)一級(jí)精度。在典型的錐齒輪安裝中,其中一個(gè)錐齒輪常常裝于支承的外側(cè)。這意味著軸的撓曲情況更加明顯而使在輪齒接觸上具有更大的影響。 另外一個(gè)難題,發(fā)生在難于預(yù)示錐齒輪輪齒上的應(yīng)力,實(shí)際上是由于齒輪被加工成錐狀造成的。 直齒錐齒輪易于設(shè)計(jì)且制造簡(jiǎn)單,如果他們安裝的精密而確定,在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)中會(huì)產(chǎn)生良好效果。然而在直齒圓柱齒輪情況 下,在節(jié)線(xiàn)速度較高時(shí),他們將發(fā)出噪音。在這些情況下,螺旋錐齒輪比直齒輪能產(chǎn)生平穩(wěn)的多的嚙合作用,因此碰到高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的場(chǎng)合那是很有用的。當(dāng)在汽車(chē)的各種不同用途中,有一個(gè)帶偏心軸的類(lèi)似錐齒輪的機(jī)構(gòu),那是常常所希望的。這樣的齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)叫做準(zhǔn)雙曲面齒輪機(jī)構(gòu),因?yàn)樗鼈兊墓?jié)面是雙曲回轉(zhuǎn)面。這種齒輪之間的輪齒作用是沿著一根直線(xiàn)上產(chǎn)生滾動(dòng)與滑動(dòng)相結(jié)合的運(yùn)動(dòng)并和蝸輪蝸桿的輪齒作用有著更多的共同之處。 軸是一種轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)或靜止的桿件。通常有圓形橫截面。在軸上安裝像齒輪,皮帶輪,飛輪,曲柄,鏈輪和其他動(dòng)力傳遞零件。軸能夠承受彎曲,拉伸,壓 縮或扭轉(zhuǎn)載荷,這些力相結(jié)合時(shí),人們期望找到靜強(qiáng)度和疲勞強(qiáng)度作為設(shè)計(jì)的重要依據(jù)。因?yàn)閱胃S可以承受靜壓力,變應(yīng)力和交變應(yīng)力,所有的應(yīng)力作用都是同時(shí)發(fā)生的。 湖南理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文) 35 “ 軸 ” 這個(gè)詞包含著多種含義,例如心軸和主軸。心軸也是軸,既可以旋轉(zhuǎn)也可以靜止的軸,但不承受扭轉(zhuǎn)載荷。短的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸常常被稱(chēng)為主軸。 當(dāng)軸的彎曲或扭轉(zhuǎn)變形必需被限制于很小的范圍內(nèi)時(shí),其尺寸應(yīng)根據(jù)變形來(lái)確定,然后進(jìn)行應(yīng)力分析。因此,如若軸要做得有足夠的剛度以致?lián)锨惶?,那么合?yīng)力符合安全要求那是完全可能的。但決不意味著設(shè)計(jì)者要保證;它們是安全的,軸幾乎總是要進(jìn)行 計(jì)算的,知道它們是處在可以接受的允許的極限以?xún)?nèi)。因之,設(shè)計(jì)者無(wú)論何時(shí),動(dòng)力傳遞零件,如齒輪或皮帶輪都應(yīng)該設(shè)置在靠近支持軸承附近。這就減低了彎矩,因而減小變形和彎曲應(yīng)力。 雖然來(lái)自 方法在設(shè)計(jì)軸中難于應(yīng)用,但它可能用來(lái)準(zhǔn)確預(yù)示實(shí)際失效。這樣,它是一個(gè)檢驗(yàn)已經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)好了的軸的或者發(fā)現(xiàn)具體軸在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)中發(fā)生損壞原因的好方法。進(jìn)而有著大量的關(guān)于設(shè)計(jì)的問(wèn)題,其中由于別的考慮例如剛度考慮,尺寸已得到較好的限制。 設(shè)計(jì) 者去查找關(guān)于圓角尺寸、熱處理、表面光潔度和是否要進(jìn)行噴丸處理等資料,那真正的唯一的需要是實(shí)現(xiàn)所要求的壽命和可靠性。 由于他們的功能相似,將離合器和制動(dòng)器一起處理。簡(jiǎn)化摩