【導(dǎo)讀】天馬行空官方博客：；QQ:1318241189；QQ群：175569632

　　

【正文】 k like this: The “hiddenquickmenue” If you press the right mouse button, you get a list of useful mands. All these mands can also be accessed via menues and buttons. However, you are faster when you use the rightmousequickmenue. User Status and Business Administration Procedures A status documents the current state of processing of an object. Depending on which business transaction is performed for an object, such as a WBS element, an internal order, or a work, the status of that object changes. The status of an object, in turn, influences which business transactions can be carried out for an object. There are two types of statuses: The user status and the system status. A system status is set by the system which tells us that a particular function has been carried out for an object. A user cannot delete, change, or otherwise amend the system status in any way. A user status is a status which can be set by the user in addition to the current system status. In this workshop, we will skip the user status and focus only on the system status. Now, the system status of the project is CREATED. If you want to check this by yourself, press CRTL + F9 from the project structure changing screen and click to Business Transactions. Now we get a list of which business procedures are currently allowed and which are currently disabled. A number of business transactions are currently disallowed. In order to allow for entering actual data (. via Ining invoices), we must change the user status. For this purpose, we are going to release the whole project. Select all rows and release the project. You get the message that the status was changed. Confirm it. Now, check if we are currently allowed to report costs. Select the highest WBS Element and then press CRTL + F9 Click to Business Transactions to see what has changed. Note that now we are no longer allowed to delete WBSElements. Press Enter and leave the status screen by going back. Before releasing the project we had already selected all activities. Thus we have released the whole project. Note that we would have been able to select only a few activities or WBS elements. Therefore, it is possible that different WBS elements and different activities can have a different status. In fact, in practice this is the case with largescale projects. Operative Structures Get into the screen change structure planning by using Transaction code “CJ20” and select WBS basic data. Check the boxes “PE” and “Acct” to to allow for planned costs and for actual costs. Note that is possible and sometimes useful to allow for planned cost on an aggregate level, but not for actual cost. 6 SCHEDULING General In topdown planning, we start at the highest level of the work breakdown structure (WBS), and all the subordinate WBS element must fall within the time frame of the particular higher WBS elements. In contrast, in bottom up planning, we start at the subordinate levels and aggregate the plan to the top. Planning without hierarchical dependencies is referred to as open planning. However, several constraints have to be considered. For example, we could specify that the manufacturing process must end before the annual plant shutdown. A powerful tool in project management is planning by work. As a preliminary step to get a rough idea about the time structure of a project, GANTT Charts are used. This simply means that the duration of each activity is drawn against time. The problem is that functional relationships among sequential activities are not captured formally and changes require a new drawing. In a work there is usually a reason for a specific sequence of activities. For example, there may be technical dependencies between individual activities. Example of a work. Source: SAP Documentation CD In order to consider these relationships, several algorithms for planning problems have been developed and are referred to in an umbrella definition as planning by work. The essential ponents of a work are: ? Activities ? Relationships Activities can be seen as ponents of a process with the following characteristics: ? They take a certain periods of time ? They have a defined start and a defined end ? They are processed without interruption ? Resources are needed to execute them ? They involve costs Different kinds of work types have emerged in the field of Operations Research. Starting with deterministic durations and structure, works with stochastic durations (like PERT) and even stochastic structure (like GERT) offer powerful time planning techniques. However, practitioners are sceptical about the results, and large, plicated project structures require tools which are rather easy to handle. Therefore, we will only discuss Metra Potential Method (MPM) which is used in the PS modul as well. MPM method uses deterministic durations and structures. As a consequence, neither probabilties of, ., a specific duration of the project can be calculated nor can be captured a project structure which has stochastic elements. This would be the case, ., if we wished to model a situation a test could be passed with a certain probability. This would lead to a loop on a MPM structure which is forbidden. A work does not only graphically display the relationships among various activities, it provides also information on the critical path. The critical path indicates which activities are the most critical to be performed in time to avoid delaying the whole Planning by work is based on the Theory of MPM uses nodes to represent activities and arrows for their relationships as this is easier to follow. One must know that SAP supports several types of relationships and