【導(dǎo)讀】客車是市民出行的首選，在各個城市中承擔(dān)著人口流動的任務(wù)，應(yīng)用廣泛，數(shù)量眾多。同時城市客車的運行工況特殊，城市中信號。速，制動，怠速時間長，平均運行速度低。由于汽車設(shè)計時需要滿。油電混合動力汽車融合了傳統(tǒng)燃油汽車和純電動汽車的優(yōu)點，的降低能源消耗，減少污染排放，具有重要的研究意義。汽車一般由一個發(fā)動機和一個電動機來提供動力。動態(tài)合成，然后輸出到驅(qū)動軸上，從而帶動車輛運行。制，將它與傳統(tǒng)的動力傳動技術(shù)緊密結(jié)合，能夠支持多種工作模式。是今后研究和發(fā)展的重點。

　　

【正文】 f electric vehicles can not replace the motor vehicle fuel (fuel cell technology unless there is a major breakthrough). Reality forced the engineers to e up with a way to the best of both worlds, to develop a hybrid power unit (HybridElectricVehicel, the initials HEV) vehicles. The socalled hybrid motor is installed with the auxiliary power unit in the bination of car do the driving force, the auxiliary power unit is in fact a small fuel or engine power generators. The image is that the tradition is to do as much as possible of small engines, so that part of the power from the battery motor system to bear. This hybrid device not only played an engine continued to work long hours, the power of good advantages, but also to play a nonpolluting electric motor, the benefits of lownoise, the two shoulder to shoulder to fight each other, the car can increase the thermal efficiency of more than 10%, Emissions can be improved more than 30%. Hybrid electric vehicles according to the source of energy in the form of synthesis into the main Series (SHEV) and Parallel (PHEV) two. Series momentum from the engine, generator and electrical power train consists of three parts, between them in series with the way the position of SHEV power unit system. Load hours by the batterypowered motor drive the wheels turning, big load when driven by the enginedriven generator motor. When electric vehicles such as the Department started to accelerate, climbing the case, the engine motor and batteries to provide electric power to the mon。 when the lowspeed electric vehicles, taxiways, the idle condition, the batterydriven electric motors, By the engine generating units to the battery charge. This series of electric vehicles no matter under what conditions, are ultimately driven by electric motors to the wheels. For example, Ford, a new level 2020 SHEV, its fuelcell batteries used in urban cities in motion by the fuel celldriven electric motors, motor reducer through the (transmission) and drive axle wheel drive, to achieve a zero emission request . When highspeed and climbing, from the engine motor and fuel cellpowered electric motor to a mon group, the drive wheel. Parallel installation of the engine and electrical machinery in order to be able to overlay the way car drivers, engines and electric motors belong to the two systems, and can be independently provided to the automotive power train torque at different roads can not only codriver can drive alone. Motor can be used for both motor and generator can be used, also known as electric power generation plant. In the absence of a separate generator, the engine can drive the wheels through the transmission mechanism, so the device closer to the traditional vehicle drive system, a more widely used. For example, Volkswagen39。s Golf PHEV, the engine through a clutch of electric drive generators, torque output through the other side of the clutch 2driven vehicles. Stationary start, the electric battery power generators, electrical at this time is the engine starter generator. Start the engine, motor vehicles, on the one hand, as a separate source of powerdriven wheels, on the other hand, electric drive power generator to recharge the battery, this time with the traditional car. In urban traffic, shut down the engine, the clutch was torn off and used as the sole energy to the batterypowered electric motors, engines replaced by motordriven wheels. When electric cars need highspeed or high load, start the engine clutch closed, and electric engine driven generator system in the form of plex, with the greatest powerdriven vehicles. Hybrid vehicles in developed countries has bee more sophisticated, and some have entered the practical stage. Since the structure is plicated, and the relatively high electric vehicles in the era before the arrival of hybrid vehicles 附錄 2 當(dāng)前普遍使用的燃油發(fā)動機汽車存在種種弊病，統(tǒng)計表明在占 80％以上的道路條件下，一輛普通轎車僅利用了動力潛能的 40％，在市區(qū)還 會跌至 25％ ，更為嚴重的是排放廢氣污染環(huán)境。 20 世紀 90 年代以來，世界各國對改善環(huán)保的呼聲日益高漲，各種各樣的電動汽車脫穎而出。雖然人們普遍認為未來是電動汽車的天下，但是目前的電池技術(shù)問題阻礙了電動汽車的應(yīng)用。由于電池的能量密度與汽油相比差上百倍，遠未達 到人們所要求的數(shù)值，專家估計在 10 年以內(nèi)電動汽車還無法取代燃油發(fā)動機汽車（除非燃料電池技術(shù)有重大突破）。 現(xiàn)實迫使工程師們想出了一個兩全其美的辦法，開發(fā)了一種混合動力裝置（ HybridElectricVehicel，縮寫 HEV）的汽車。 所謂混合動力裝 置就是將電動機與輔助動力單元組合在一輛汽車上做驅(qū)動力，輔助動力單元實際上是一臺小型燃料發(fā)動機或動力發(fā)電機組。形象一點說，就是 將傳統(tǒng)發(fā)動機盡量做小，讓一部分動力由電池 電動機系統(tǒng)承擔(dān)。這種混合動力裝置既發(fā)揮了發(fā)動機持續(xù)工作時間長，動力性好的優(yōu)點，又可以 發(fā)揮電動機無污染、低噪聲的好處，二者 “并肩戰(zhàn)斗 ”，取長補短，汽車的熱效率可提高 10％以上，廢氣排放可改善 30％以上?；旌蟿恿υ措妱榆嚢凑漳芰亢铣傻牡男问街饕譃榇?lián)式 (SHEV）和并聯(lián)式（ PHEV）兩種 。 串聯(lián)式動力由發(fā)動機、發(fā)電機和電動機三部分動力總成組成 ，它們之間用串聯(lián)的方式組成 SHEV 的動力單元系統(tǒng)。負荷小時由電池驅(qū)動電動 機帶動車輪轉(zhuǎn)動，負荷大時則由發(fā)動機帶動發(fā)電機發(fā)電驅(qū)動電動機。當(dāng)電動車處如啟動、加速、爬坡的工況時，發(fā)動機 電動機組和電池組共同 向電動機提供電能；當(dāng)電動車處低速、滑行、怠速的工況時，則由電池組驅(qū)動電動機，由發(fā)動機 發(fā)電機組向電池組充電。這種串聯(lián)式電動車不 管在什么工況下，最終都要由電動機來驅(qū)動車輪。例如福特 “新能級－2020”SHEV，其電池采用燃料電池，在城市市區(qū)行駛時全部由燃料電池 驅(qū)動電動機，電動機通過減速器（變速器）和驅(qū)動橋驅(qū) 動車輪，達到了 “零排放 ”要求。當(dāng)高速及爬坡時，則由發(fā)動機 電動機組和燃料電池組 共同向電動機供電，驅(qū)動車輪。 并聯(lián)式裝置的發(fā)動機和電動機以機械能疊加的方式驅(qū)動汽車，發(fā)動機與電動機分屬兩套系統(tǒng)，可以分別獨立地向汽車傳動系提供扭矩，在 不同的路面上既可以共同驅(qū)動又可以單獨驅(qū)動。電動機既可以作電動機又可以作發(fā)電機使用，又稱為電動－發(fā)電機組。由于沒有單獨的發(fā)電機 ， 發(fā)動機可以直接通過傳動機構(gòu)驅(qū)動車輪，因此該裝置更接近傳統(tǒng)的汽車驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)，得到比較廣泛的應(yīng)用。例如大眾汽車公司的高爾夫 PHEV， 發(fā)動機通過離合器 1 帶動電動－ 發(fā)電機，輸出扭力再通過另一邊離合器 2 驅(qū)動車輛行駛。靜止啟動時，電池向電動－發(fā)電機 供電，此時電動－ 發(fā)電機就是發(fā)動機的起動機。發(fā)動機啟動后，發(fā)動機一方面作為車輛單獨的動力源驅(qū)動車輪，另一方面又帶動電動－發(fā)電機發(fā)電向電池充電， 此時與傳統(tǒng)汽車一樣。在市區(qū)行駛時，發(fā)動機關(guān)閉，離合器脫開，電池做為唯一能源向電動機供電，由電動機取代發(fā)動機驅(qū) 動車輪。當(dāng)電動車需要高速或高負荷時，發(fā)動機啟動離合器閉合，發(fā)動機與電動－發(fā)電機系統(tǒng)組成復(fù)合驅(qū)動形式，以最大功率驅(qū)動車輛。混合動力汽車在發(fā)達國家已經(jīng)日益成熟，有些已經(jīng)進入實用階段。 由于構(gòu)造復(fù)雜，成本較高，在電動汽車時代到來之前，混合動力型汽車