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【導(dǎo)讀】(時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)不同產(chǎn)生不同意義
【正文】 biguity. Be brief. Be orderly. ? CP is meant to describe what actually happens in conversation. ? CP and its maxims guide us. ? Violation of CP and its maxims leads to conversational implicature. Violation of the maxims (Quantity) 1. Dear Sir, Mr. X?s mand of English is excellent. And his attendance at tutorial has been regular. Yours, XX 2. Aunt: How did Jimmy do his history exam? Mother: Oh, not at all well. Teachers asked him things that happened before the poor boy was born. 3. Boys are boys. War is war. Violation of the maxims (Quality) 1. metaphor You are the cream in my coffee. X runs as fast as a deer. He is made of iron. Violation of the maxims (Relation) 1 A: What do you think of the prof.? B: Nice weather for the time of year. 2 萍：爸爸，不過四鳳同魯貴在家里都很好 ,很 忠誠的。 樸：恩，我很累了。 我預(yù)備到書房歇一下。 你叫他們送一碗濃一點(diǎn)的普洱茶來。 Violation of the maxims (Manner) 1. A: Let?s get the kids something. B: Ok, but I veto CHOCOLATE. 2. A: Did you get my assignment? B: I received two pages clipped together and covered with rows of black squiggles. Characteristics of implicature ? Cancellability a. John has three cows. b. John has only three cows and no more. c. John has three cows, if not more. d. John has at least three cows. Nondetachability: implicature is attached to the semantic content of what is said, not to the linguistic form。 implicatures do not vanish if the words of an utterance are changed for synonyms. A: Shall we go the cinema tonight? B: There?ll be an exam tomorrow. I?ll take an exam tomorrow. Isn?t there an exam tomorrow? ? Nonconventionality: implicature is different from its conventional meaning of words. It is contextdependent. It varies with context. It’s getting hot here. ? Calculability: hearers work out implicature based on conventional meaning, CP and its maxims, context, etc.
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