【導(dǎo)讀】Performfirstaid. Reassureoccupants. Adequatesiteaccess. Controlsforlifts. 1996).Fireattacktime(Buchanan,1996).takenfromtheFEG(FCRC,1996).

　　

【正文】 s particularly important in highrise buildings, where moving equipment takes time and uses valuable resources. An example of this was the First Interstate Bank, where lifts were not used, and a fire on the 12th floor required 100 men to carry equipment up the stairs (Degenkolb, 1991). The BCA requires buildings with an effective height greater then 25m to have one or more lifts, fitted as an emergency lift (Performance Requirement , BCA, 1996). This is to facilitate the activities of the fire brigade and other emergency service personnel. In addition to this, stretcher facilities must be provided in at least one of those emergency lifts, or in a non emergency lift where the effective building height is greater than 12m. The British Standard BS 5588 – Part 8 1988 (BSI, 1988), provides guidance on the use of lifts for evacuation of disabled people. BS 5588 Part 8 provides guidance on the design of lifts used for evacuations as well as the management of evacuation lifts, and examples of fire plan strategies in buildings with evacuation lifts. The some of the problems with the use of lifts for egress are: XX建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 15 ??Pressurisation of shafts is not necessarily effective for smoke control (Klote et al, 1993) ??Lift ponents can be affected by heat, smoke and water (Klote et al, 1993) ??Power failure (Klote et al, 1993) ??Potential of lifts opening onto the fire floor ??The evacuation needs to be controlled and coordinated and the number of occupants entering the lift needs to be regulated ??Lift shafts can act as chimneys exposing occupants to heat and smoke. ??Occupants have been told for the last 20 years not to use lifts in a fire (Klote et al, 1993) ??Pressure differentials in lift shafts can vary with building geometry and at different floors (Klote, 1983) ??Lift microprocessor controls are very sensitive to heat (Semple, 1993) ??Fire brigade shutting off the power can be a problem. Batteries will only run for a limited length of time (Semple, 1993). ??Malfunctions in an emergency could lead to litigation (Semple, 1993). ??There is limited opportunity for rescue of people trapped between floors (Pauls et al, 1991) The some of the other reasons why lifts are unsafe stated in the ASME Elevator Code and Handbook (Cote, 1997) are: ??Occupants may push a button and waste valuable time waiting for a lift that may not arrive ??Lifts can not start until the car and hoistway (lift shaft) doors are closed. Overcrowding may prevent these doors from closing ??A lift occupant could press the incorrect button ??Normal functioning of lifts such as high or low call reversal may occur at the fire Floor The NFPA Life Safety Code (Cote, 1997) does not recognise lifts as a typical means of escape, but it does allow their use under certain circumstances. If a lift plies with Section 74 of the Code, it is permitted as a second means of egress, provided: XX建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 16 ??The building and surrounding structure is protected throughout by an automatic sprinkler system ??The building is subject to an occupancy of no more than 90 people ??Primary egress discharges directly to the outside ??There are no high hazard content areas in the building or attached structures ??100% of the egress capacity shall be provided independent of the lifts ??An evacuation plan is implemented specifically including the lift The most immediate application for the use of lifts, in the evacuation of apartment buildings, is for the evacuation of disabled and elderly occupants and the evacuation of low occupancy highrise apartments. The escape times for lift egress can be calculated from the following formula (Klote et al,1993) Klote et al (1993) found that the use of lifts for egress decreases building evacuation times by between 10 and 50%. Greater evacuation efficiency occurs as the height of the building increases. The timesavings are a result of using a bination of lifts and stairs for evacuation. A similar result was found by Andersson and Wadensten (2020), in their simulations of the One Canada Square building at Canary Wharf in London, where they found that lifts improved the evacuation procedures in the building. The following are 13 criteria for safe lift egress design proposed by Chapman (1994) 1. The building be fully sprinkler protected 2. Lift shafts should be pressurised 3. Lift lobbies on all floors should be enclosed 4. Lift lobbies should be pressurised 5. Lift and lobby pressurisation intakes should be in a smoke free location 6. All lift lobbies should be protected by smoke detectors 7. Lift systems should be made water resistant 8. When a power failure occurs all lifts should return to their designated level 9. All lifts should be able to be operated from a designated emergency power generator XX建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 17 10. All lift lobbies should have access to a pressurised stair, without the occupants having to pass through a fire area 11. All lift cars should have a means of two way munication 12. All lift lobbies should have a means of two way munication 13. A program specifying the priority of lift response during a fire should be developed. For lifts to be effective in evacuations, some other design concepts that should be considered are: ??Smoke and fire separation of lift machine room and lift shaft (Klote, 1993, Klote et al, 1995, Levin and Groner, 1994) ??Analogue addressable detection system linked to lift control to prevent lift stopping on fire floors and to prioritise floors for evacuation (Klote et al, 1995, Levin and Groner, 1994) ??Automatically recall lift if a fault is detected (Klote, 1993, Klote et al, 1995, Levin and Groner, 1994) ??Wardens or security staff to direct evacuations, reassure occupants and prioritise who uses the lifts, and also to control occupant numbers in