【導(dǎo)讀】、個(gè)性心理形成后，對(duì)心理過(guò)程有制約作用。心理學(xué)家認(rèn)為動(dòng)物的演化只有到了能對(duì)有生物學(xué)意義的信號(hào)刺激作出反應(yīng)，才可以說(shuō)有。了心理活動(dòng)，或者說(shuō)標(biāo)志著心理現(xiàn)象的產(chǎn)生。沒(méi)有神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)物沒(méi)有心理現(xiàn)象，有神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)物有心理現(xiàn)象。基礎(chǔ)，而且是人的心理發(fā)展的動(dòng)力。它是神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)單位、功能單位和營(yíng)養(yǎng)單位，是腦的建筑材料。細(xì)胞體由細(xì)胞核、細(xì)胞漿和細(xì)胞膜組成。神經(jīng)元的基本機(jī)能是：通過(guò)樹(shù)突及胞。體接受傳來(lái)的信息，胞體對(duì)信息進(jìn)行整合，然后通過(guò)軸突將信息傳給另一神經(jīng)元。腦干呈網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)，人的覺(jué)醒狀態(tài)由腦網(wǎng)來(lái)控制的。由感受器、傳入神經(jīng)、反射中樞、傳出神經(jīng)和效應(yīng)器五部分組成。為第一信號(hào)系統(tǒng)。

　　

【正文】 y and truthfully, they do so out of the intention to assist or benefit others sages have no wish to harm other people with words, or initiate an argument with them. Oftentimes we think we are helping friends by arguing with them (to make them see), but because this brings contention into the relationship, it is usually more harmful than helpful. People are hardly at their best when a debate causes them to bee defensive and unyielding. Another important point related to the first two lines is that sages do not give insincere praise. Saying what people want to hear (beautiful words) may make them feel fortable in the short term, but if such words distort or conceal reality, they can only lead to harm in the long run. English_Lindauer_TTK Das Tao Te King von Lao Tse Chinese English by David Lindauer 1 A tao that one can tao Is not the entire tao A name that one can name Is not the entire name. In the absence of names Lies the origin of heavens and earth The presence of names Is mother to the 10000 things. So viewing entireness without desire One may see subtleties Viewing entireness with desire One may see boundaries. That which is these both Goes about as itself yet there are different names. Categorizing them together there is insight Very deep insight The gateway to collective subtleties. 2 In the world each knows how beauty acts Where there is beauty ugliness begins Each knows how to value Where there is value lack of value begins. In this manner Presence and absence give birth to each other Difficult and easy plete each other Long and short contrast each other High and low attract each other Tone and voice harmonize each other Front and back follow each other. Appropriately it happens that sages Dwell absent of acting with effort Do things without explaining in words Make the 10000 things blend yet without trying to describe them Give birth yet without possessing Act yet without relying on results Are of outstanding service yet aren39。t willing to reside therein. In the end, only be unwilling to reside therein Appropriately, a lack of detachment happens. 3 Being without esteem for principles Results in people who do not contend Being without treasuring goods difficult to obtain Results in people who do not act as thieves Being without seeing what one can desire Results in the minds of people not being confused. Appropriately the governing of sages happens. Baring the mind Solidifying the center Lessening the will Strengthening selfnature These entirely result in people Who are absent of knowing and absent of desire In the end they also result in the wise not venturing to act. Acting absent of acting An absence of being without governing follows. 4 Tao, like an empty bowl Being used somehow lacks fullness. Such breadth! It seems to be a model for the 10000 things. Blunting what is sharp Untying what is tangled Harmonizing what is bright Being together with the dusty earth. Such depth! It seems to somehow exist. I have no knowledge whose child it is It appears to precede the emperors. 5 Heavens and earth are without humanizing It happens that the 10000 things act as straw dogs Sages are without humanizing It happens that one hundred families act as straw dogs. The space bounding heavens and earth is just like the equal of a bellows Empty yet not subdued Stirring yet more goes out. Much talk counts for little It can39。t pare to obeying the center. 6 The valley spirit has no death It is appropriately called the allembracing female The gateway of The allembracing female Is appropriately called the root of heavens and earth. Continuous, soft, it looks like it exists It is infrequently used. 7 Heavens, growth, earth, longevity. In heavens and earth39。s place That which is able to grow and further be longlasting happens And something lacking existence of a self happens So it is able to grow and give birth. Appropriately it happens that sages Put their bodies behind yet their bodies are ahead Put their bodies outside yet their bodies are kept in. Does it not happen they are absent of anomalous selfinterest? So they are able to perfect selfinterest. 8 Better value looks like water The value if water profits the 10000 things yet without contending It dwells in places the collective mind dislikes So it is severed, relating to tao. The value of a home is in location The value of a mind is in breadth The value of a relationship is in humanity The value of a word is in belief The value of a government is in governing The value of an effort is in ability The value of a movement is in time. In the end only be without contending So be absent from reproach. 9 Holding yet being full Lacks pare to not yet being so A sword blade being oversharpened Cannot long remain so A living room full of gold and jade There is noone able to guard it Abundant treasures yet arrogance Selfcondemnation, selfpunishment. Outstanding service performed The body withdrawing The tao of the heavens. 10 In containing lifeforce and embracing oneness Is the ability to be absent from departing equal? In gently extending animus alone Is the ability to be as a newborn child equal? In cleansing and clearing insightful discernment Is the ability to be absent of flaws equal? In fondness for people, governing a nation Is the ability to b