【導(dǎo)讀】建設(shè)由于其獨(dú)特的性質(zhì)是最危險(xiǎn)的行業(yè)之一。按國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)衡量，在中國(guó)的地盤(pán)。本文旨在探討中國(guó)建筑行業(yè)安全管理的現(xiàn)狀，探索在建筑地盤(pán)容易發(fā)。生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的活動(dòng)，并確定施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)安全的影響因素。調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，承包商安全管理的。行為表現(xiàn)至關(guān)重要，包括提供個(gè)人防護(hù)設(shè)備，定期安全會(huì)議，安全培訓(xùn)。能的主要因素包括高層管理人員的安全意識(shí)差，缺乏培訓(xùn)，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理的安全意識(shí)差，不愿投入資金，缺少安全意識(shí)和實(shí)際操作。這項(xiàng)研究還提出，政府應(yīng)該在嚴(yán)格執(zhí)法和。通過(guò)采取措施以防止職業(yè)。后零事故目標(biāo);Hinze和Wilson。失）意外發(fā)生在新農(nóng)村建設(shè)，1097建筑工人失去他們的生命（“中國(guó)建設(shè)統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒”，在這些重特大事故的死亡率是每10萬(wàn)名工人。這一數(shù)據(jù)嚴(yán)重低估了總死亡率，因?yàn)樗劳霾皇亲鳛樗袉我坏牡膱?bào)告。施工監(jiān)理計(jì)劃在1996年建設(shè)項(xiàng)目監(jiān)督發(fā)行以來(lái)，已在中國(guó)廣泛。在中國(guó)，所有的大型施工企業(yè)是傳統(tǒng)的計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下的國(guó)有機(jī)構(gòu)。中國(guó)成為世界上最大的建筑市場(chǎng)。職業(yè)事故沒(méi)有得到

　　

【正文】 to choose the most probable serious site accidents (can be more than one from a list of accidents prepared by the authors) that may lead to fatalities and the results are shown in Fig. 5. Fig. 5 indicates that falling from height_ is considered most risky (92%) (Larsson and Field,2020). The other accidents in descending order of perceived probability are hit by falling materials, collapse of earthwork, use of heavy machine, and electrocution. The results are parable (with the exception of the ranking of electrocution) with the safety statistical data of the construction industry in China (as listed in Table 2). The results indicate that the frequencies of accidents correlate positively with fatalities and severe injuries with the exception of electrocution. Table 2 shows that falling from height scores high both in the accident and fatality records. The proportion of the accident reaches 50% of the total accidents, which is obviously higher than any other accidents. With respect to fatality, 524 construction workers (48%) lost their life due to falling from height in 1999 (see Table 3). . Impacts of site accidents . Perceived probability of serious accidents on construction sites Table 2 Safety accidents in the construction industry (in 1999) Sources: China Construction Statistical Yearbook (2020, p. 105). a The figure in parentheses indicates the percentage of the total. . Relative importance of factors The respondents ranked _poor safety awareness of firms top leaders and poor safety awareness of project managers first and third, with a RII of and . It indicates that leaders play a very important role in construction safety management. The top management sets up appropriate environments for safety by defining the safety policy and allocating resources. The attitude of the top leaders plays an important role in cultivating a good safety culture (Seppala, 1995). However, in practice, not all business leaders pay great attention to safety management because other business objectives such as profitability, schedule and quality are always peting for their time and resources (Hakkinen, 1995). This can be seen from the questionnaire response that only a small proportion of top management attended safety meetings. As contractors have to finish the work within a specified period of time, at an agreed price and at a certain standard of workmanship, most people focus on the immediate problems and view their top priorities as meeting the production schedule, quota and cost targets, and quality requirements. Only after achieving these objectives will they give some considerations to safety (Tam et al., 2020). Table 4 RII of factors affecting construction site safet 6. Demands for governmental support The government should play an important role in safety management in the construction industry (Kartam et al., 2020). In this survey, respondents were asked to provide their opinions on an openended format on the ways that the government can support safety management. Fig. 8 shows the results. Fig. 6 shows that 62% of the respondents indicated _financial aid_ as the major tool. However, according to an interviewee, an official in the Ministry of Construction in charge of construction safety, the provision of financial aid is not feasible under the current government policy. 31% of the respondents felt that government should carry out more effective inspection. Currently the inspections are not conducted effectively as it is impossible to have sufficient inspectors to visit all workplaces at all time and be there when new hazards arisen (MacCollum, 1995). Under current circumstances, the most feasible ways that the government can manage is the provision of support in safety training and a proper legal framework with stringent enforcement. Fig. 6. Demands for governmental support 7. Conclusions Construction is one of the most hazardous industries due to its unique nature. By international standards, the construction site safety record of China is poor. Every year there are about 1000 recorded fatalities in construction sites and a large number of reported occupational accidents。 however, it is believed that the figures show only the tip of an iceberg with a large number of unreported fatalities and accidents (Table 5). The safety management in most Chinese construction firms is of grave concern as shown by the finding that: ? most contractors do not have a proper documented safety management system laid down clearly in the safety manuals。 ? it is surprisingly to find that only a small percentage of contractors provides adequate necessary PPE for their workers。 ? top management has a perfunctory attitude towards safety management as revealed from their seldom attendance to safety meetings。 and ? Only a small number of contractors offer systematic safety training. As shown in Fig. 4, most (68%) of the respondents considered _impairing reputation of firms_ as the most serious impact of site accidents whilst few of them (5%) considered _imposing psychological burden on workers_ as serious, which confirms the negative attitude of organizational management towards construction safety as described above. It definitely pleads for the government_s intervention by tightening up legal enforcement and punishment for any violation of safety practices. Table 5 Classification of serious accidents in construction in China Although there are many factors affecting contractors_ safety performance, the main factors perceived by the respondents are: ? poor safety awareness of firm_s top leaders。 ? lack of training。 ? poor safety awareness of project managers。 ? reluctant to input of resources to safety。 and ? reckless operations. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that the industry should be more active in organizing training programs for educating pe