【導(dǎo)讀】眾所周知，數(shù)據(jù)庫是邏輯上相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)元的匯集。這些數(shù)據(jù)元可以按不同的結(jié)構(gòu)組織起來，以。滿足單位和個(gè)人的多種處理和檢索的需要。數(shù)據(jù)庫本身不是什么新鮮事—一早期的數(shù)據(jù)庫鑿在石頭。上，記在名冊(cè)上，以及寫在索引卡中。而現(xiàn)在，數(shù)據(jù)庫普遍記錄在可磁化的介質(zhì)上，并且需要用計(jì)。算機(jī)程序來執(zhí)行必需的存儲(chǔ)和檢索操作。如下所述，所有數(shù)據(jù)庫中都有復(fù)雜的數(shù)據(jù)關(guān)系及其鏈接。處理與創(chuàng)建、訪問以。及維護(hù)數(shù)據(jù)庫記錄有關(guān)的復(fù)雜任務(wù)的系統(tǒng)軟件包叫做數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)。（這些用戶可以是應(yīng)用程序員、管理員、及其他需要信息的人員。DBMS可組織、處理和表示從數(shù)據(jù)庫中選出的數(shù)據(jù)元。該功能使決策者能搜索、探查和查詢數(shù)。據(jù)庫的內(nèi)容，從而對(duì)在正規(guī)報(bào)告中沒有的、不再出現(xiàn)的且無法預(yù)料的問題作出回答。之，DBMS將“管理”存儲(chǔ)的數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)，并從公共數(shù)據(jù)庫中匯集所需的數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)以回答非程序員的詢問。然而，DBMS的可用性為用戶提供了一個(gè)更快的替

　　

【正文】 al applications may be inconsistent and inpatible. Data item may be specified differently and may not be patible across applications that use the same data. There may be redundant development of separate applications when actually a single application could serve more than one need. A user wanting to perform analysis using data from two different applications may find the task very difficult and sometimes impossible. The first step in integration of information system applications is an overall information system plan. Even though application systems are implemented one at a time, their design can be guided by the overall plan, which determines how they fit in with other functions. In essence, the information system is designed as a planed federation of small systems. Information system integration is also achieved through standards, guidelines, and procedures set by the MIS function. The enforcement of such standards and procedures permit diverse applications to share data, meet audit and control requirements, and be shares by multiple users. For instance, an application may be developed to run on a particular small puter. Standards for integration may dictate that the equipment selected be patible with the centralized database. The trend in information system design is toward separate application processing form the data used to support it. The separate database is the mechanism by which data items are integrated across many applications and made consistently available to a variety of users. The need for a database in MIS is discussed below. Need for a database 對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)庫的需要 The term “information” and “data” are frequently used interchangeably。 However, information is generally defined as data that is meaningful or useful to the recipient. Data items are therefore the raw material for producing information. 1 The underlying concept of a database is that data needs to be managed in order to be available for processing and have appropriate quality. This data management includes both software and organization. The software to create and manage a database is a database management system. 1 When all access to any use of database is controlled through a database management system, all applications utilizing a particular data item access the same data item which is stored in only one place. A single updating of the data item updates it for all uses. Integration through a database management system requires a central authority for the database. The data can be stored in one central puter or dispersed among several puters。 the overriding requirement is that there be an organizational function to exercise control. Utilization of Models 模型 的運(yùn)用 1 It is usually insufficient for human recipients to receive only raw data or even summarized data. Data usually needs to be processed and presented in such a way that the result is directed toward the decision to be made. To do this, processing of data items is based on a decision model. For example, an investment decision relative to new capital expenditures might be processed in terms of a capital expenditure decision model. 1 Decision models can be used to support different stages in the decisionmaking process. “Intelligence” models can be used to search for problems and/or opportunities. Models can be used to identify and analyze possible solutions. Choice models such as optimization models maybe used to find the most desirable solution. 1 In other words, multiple approaches are needed to meet a variety of decision situations. The following are examples and the type of model that might be included in an MIS to aid in analysis in support of decisionmaking。 in a prehensive information system, the decision maker has available a set of general models that can be applied to many analysis and decision situations plus a set of very specific models for unique decisions. Similar models are available for planning and control. The set of models is the model base for the MIS. 1 Models are generally most effective when the manager can use interactive dialog to build a plan or to iterate through several decision choices under different conditions.