【正文】 the results are displayed on the screen in a few second. The puterbased usermachine characteristics of an MIS affect the knowledge requirements of both system developer and system user. “puterbased” means that the designer of a management information system must have a knowledge of puters and of their use in processing. The “usermachine” concept means the system designer should also understand the capabilities of humans as system ponents (as information processors) and the behavior of humans as users of information. Information system applications should not require users to be puter experts. However, users need to be able to specify their information requirements。 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS（ DBMS） AND MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM（ MIS） You know that a database is a collection of logically related data elements that may be structured in various ways to meet the multiple processing and retrieval needs of organizations and individuals． There? s nothing new about databases—early ones[1] were chiseled in stone， penned on scrolls， and written on index cards． But now databases are monly recorded on magizable media， and puter programs are required to perform the necessary storage and retrieval operations． You?ll see in the following pages that plex data relationships and linkages may be found in all but the simplest databases[2]． The system software package that handles the difficult tasks associated with creating， accessing， and maintaining database records is called a database management system（ DBMS）． The programs in a DBMS package establish an interface between the database itself and the users of the database．（ These users may be applications programmers， managers and others with information needs， and various OS programs．） A DBMS can organize， process， and present selected data elements from the database． This capability enables decision makers to search， probe， and query database contents in order to extract answers to nonrecurring and unplanned questions that aren?t available in regular reports[3]． These questions might initially be vague and / or poorly defined， but people can“browse”through the database until they have the needed information． In short， the DBMS will“manage”the stored data items and assemble the needed items from the mon database in response to the queries of those who aren?t programmers． In a fileoriented system， users needing special information may municate their needs to a programmer， who， when time permits， will write one or more programs to extract the data and prepare the information[4]． The availability of a DBMS， however， offers users a much faster alternative munications path（ see Fig. 71）． If the DBMS provides a way to interactively and update the database, as well as interrogate it capability allows for managing personal dataAces however, it does not automatically leave an audit trail of actions and does not provide the kinds of controla necessary in a multiuser organization. Thesecontrols are only available when a set of application programs are customized for each data entry and updating function. Software for personal puters which perform me of the DBMS functions have been very popular arsenal puters were intended for use by individuals for personal information storage and process These machines have also been used extensively small enterprises, professionals like doctors, acrylics, engineers, lawyers and so on ． By the nature of. intended usage, database systems on these machines except from several of the requirements of full doge database systems． Since data sharing is not：Tended, concurrent operations even less so, the) fewer can be less plex. Security and integrity7aintenance are deemphasized or absent. As data) limes will be small, performance efficiency Is also important. In fact, the only aspect of a database system that is Important 39。 “智能 ”模型可以用來尋找問題或者機會。數(shù)據(jù)項的一個單獨的更新，在所有方面都得到更新。管理信息系統(tǒng)對于一個數(shù)據(jù)庫的需要將在下面被談論。即使應用系統(tǒng)是一次一個的被執(zhí)行，他們的設計可以由整體計劃指導，確定他們怎么符合其他的工作。但是，用戶需要能夠詳細說明他們的信息要求；對計算機的一些理解、信息的本質(zhì)，和對各種各樣管理功能的利用將幫助用戶完成任務。 用戶機器的相互作用是由用戶連接在計算機上的輸入 輸出設備（通常是一個視覺顯示終端）推動的。該信息系統(tǒng)利用計算機硬件和軟件；手工處理程序；模擬分析法計劃、控制和決策；和數(shù)據(jù)庫。第一，是參數(shù)文本的概念，即設計和任一種文本系統(tǒng)，其行為可