【導(dǎo)讀】結(jié)果表明,國內(nèi)和外國銀行的盈利能力不僅受銀行具體特點的影響，也受金。除了在集中情況下國內(nèi)銀行利潤,所有的變。量都是有重大意義的，盡管它們的影響和關(guān)系對國內(nèi)和國外銀行并不總是相同。在過去的幾年許多的因素造成了歐盟銀行業(yè)競爭日益激烈。融領(lǐng)域放松管制。這個指令為所有歐洲銀行機構(gòu)在單一歐洲金融市場和提供了平。等的競爭條件，因此銀行正在先前無法預(yù)料的國內(nèi)外競爭之中。此外,宏觀經(jīng)濟政策后大多數(shù)國家通貨膨脹率和利率逐步降低。擴大被迫增加規(guī)模，通過合并和收購的方式進行了前所未有的整合。格林指出，充足的收益是必要的條件讓銀行保持償付能力,在一?？紤]到銀行業(yè)的健康發(fā)展和經(jīng)濟知識增長，影。第二部分包括研究歐洲銀行的利潤和成本效率。本研究使用平均資產(chǎn)回報率來評估銀行的性能。四個銀行特征用作內(nèi)部決定因素。此外,六個外部因素是。行的數(shù)量所屬的國家和所有權(quán)和樣本特征。

　　

【正文】 costs than banks revenues. This will consequently have a negative impact on bank profitability. We finally examine how the performance of banks is related to the relative development of the banking industry and the stock market using the ratios stock market capitalization to GDP (MACGDP), stock market capitalization to total assets of deposit money banks (MACPASS), total assets of deposit money banks to GDP (ASSGDP) and banking industry concentration (CONC). MACPASS reflects the plementarity or substitutability between bank and stock market financing, while ASSGDP and MACGDP measure the overall level of development of the banking sector and the stock market, respectively as well as their importance in financing the economy. Concentration is the proportion of an industry39。s total assets controlled by its largest firms. According to the structureconduct performance (SCP) hypothesis, banks in highly concentrated markets tend to collude and therefore earn monopoly profits (Short, 1979, Gilbert, 1984 and Molyneux et al., 1996). Collusion may result in higher rates being charged on loans, less interest rates being paid on deposits and so on (Goddard et al., 2021). CONC is calculated as the total assets held by the five largest mercial banks in the country divided by the total assets of all mercial banks in the country. 4. Data and methodology . Data Our sample is a balanced panel dataset of 584 mercial banks operating in the 15 EU countries over the period 1995–2021 consisting of 4088 2 and Table 3 present the number of banks by country and ownership and the sample characteristics, respectively. Table 2. Banks in sample by country and ownership Country Domestic banks Foreign banksa Not available or plete information for ownership in Bankscope Total number of banks Austria 13 7 0 20 Belgium 5 15 0 20 Denmark 31 2 9 42 Finland 2 0 1 3 France 90 40 14 144 Germany 57 26 5 88 Greece 6 0 0 6 Ireland 3 8 0 11 Italy 49 4 1 54 Luxembourg 3 54 0 57 The Netherlands 10 13 1 24 Portugal 7 4 0 11 Spain 28 11 3 42 Sweden 5 0 0 5 UK 23 34 0 57 Total 15 EU 332 218 34 584 a We define a bank to be foreign when foreigners own more than 50% of its share capital. Table 3. Sample characteristics: independent variables means (and .) EQAS COST LOFUND SIZE ASSGDP MACPASS MACGDP INF GDPGR CONC Austria 9 (01) 75 (473) 2 (08) 3 (90) 0 (00) (7) (0) 86 (12) 57 (48) 943 (49) Belgium 1 (237) 92 (047) 6 (99) 0 (401) 3 (60) (0) (5) 00 (36) 00 (32) 886 (20) Denmark 35 (47) 87 (308) 4 (84) 2 (384) 4 (58) (2) (7) 71 (77) 86 (49) 100 (05) Finland 8 (79) 71 (74) 7 (29) 62 (61) 9 (85) (7) (1) 86 (62) 71 (10) 886 (73) France 4 (28) 57 (486) 2 (05) 31 (366) 9 (43) (9) (9) 00 (16) 71 (77) 285 (59) Germany 6 (851) 06 (526) 0 (26) 2 (43) 4 (22) (9) (0) 86 (95) 71 (84) 729 (76) Greece 0 (35) 69 (258) 0 (78) 24 (125) 6 (01) (3) (4) 57 (41) 29 (42) 471 (60) Ireland 4 (82) 19 (464) 7 (79) 45 (533) 0 (63) (7) (7) 00 (54) 86 (07) 629 (21) Italy 8 (68) 04 (354) 4 (46) 82 (038) 4 (84) (0) (1) 57 (05) 71 (22) 066 (18) Luxembourg 7 (41) 99 (863) 6 (74) 5 (27) 69 (14) (9) (3) 00 (28) 14 (23) 235 (10) The EQAS COST LOFUND SIZE ASSGDP MACPASS MACGDP INF GDPGR CONC Netherlands 1 (30) 74 (921) 5 (55) 46 (103203.8604) 7 (11) (7) (7) 71 (81) 71 (30) 986 (30) Portugal 6 (57) 27 (134) 6 (88) 7 (45) 2 (15) (0) (3) 43 (60) 29 (94) 57 (93) Spain 20 (28) 21 (361) 6 (86) 59 (256) 4 (43) (8) (8) 86 (16) 43 (54) 065 (02) Sweden 3 (22) 43 (667) 56 (575) 29 (600) 1 (11) (3) (1) 43 (16) 71 (79) 900 (91) UK 85 (06) 15 (507) 7 (84) 63 (215) 1 (09) (7) (4) 43 (61) 14 (61) 943 (75) All financial and ownership data of individual banks as well as information concerning market concentration were drawn from Bankscope Database of Bureau van Dijk39。s pany. Using BANSCOPE has two advantages. Firstly, it has information for 11,000 banks, accounting for about 90% of total assets in each country. Secondly, the accounting information at the bank level is presented in standardized formats, after adjustments for differences in accounting and reporting standards. Country and market specific data such as inflation, real GDP growth, market capitalization, etc., were obtained from Euromonitor International Database which collects data from sources such as International Moary Fund39。s (IMF), International Financial Statistics (IFS), World Economic Outlook/UN/National Statistics and World Bank. . Methodology In order to examine the internal and external factors that affect the profitability of banks in European Union, the following model has been developed: (1) zit=boit+bmitYmit+bdjtYdit+ε where i refers to an individual bank。 t refers to year。 j refers to the country in which bank i