【正文】 ducing food accounts for roughly a fifth of all human173。caused greenhouse gas emissions. Fertilizer runoff also leads to other problems, like the algae blooms in Lake Eerie and the Dead Zone in the Gulf of Mexico. However, following dietary guidelines would reduce those impacts, especially in wealthy countries like the US. Most of the reductions e from meat and dairy, which have an outsized impact on land use and pollution, and are a major source of greenhouse gases.(That39。s partly due to cow farts. Seriously.) Following the suggestions would also mean eating fewer calories, since many people here eat more than they need. Overall, in high173。ine countries, Behren39。s team estimates that following the rules could result in as much as a 17 percent reduction in land use, a 21 percent reduction in nutrient pollution, and a 25 percent drop in agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. Cutting down on how much food we waste—which is roughly a third in the US—could help even more. The results are in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Of course, people are notoriously bad at following diets. But: These nationally remended guidelines do actually have a knock173。on effect on other areas of policy making. So if I39。m developing a new healthy173。eating173。for173。schools program then that39。s going to be based off a lot of detail that I get from the nationally remended guidelines. So while it might not necessarily be the case that people follow directly …they actually are quite influential on the preparation of other advice. It seems that a smaller environmental footprint and a healthier lifestyle could go hand in hand.（1）Which of the following statement will Paul Behrens approve of? A.Following a nationally remended diet can have similar impacts in different countries.B.Following a nationally remended diet can do good to our health.C.Not all the countries have remended diets in an explicit manner.D.Some high173。ine nations don39。t mention the diet explicitly for its impacts can be ignored.（2）What do the underlined words takes a big toll on in paragraph 3 probably mean? A.shows signs ofB.has a bad effect onC.takes full advantage ofD.makes up for（3）Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A.Food production can lead to about 20 percent of human173。caused greenhouse gas with only a third of the ice173。free land used.B.It is estimated that following dietary guidelines can lead to decrease in more land use than in nutrient pollution.C.Paul Behrens39。 new program concerning healthy eating for schools is likely to be based on national nutrition guidelines.D.Some wealthy countries tend to reduce meat and dairy though the other areas of policy making isn39。t effected much.【答案】 （1）C（2）B（3）A 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了營養(yǎng)指南對地球也有利。通過膳食指南，似乎可以減輕對環(huán)境的傷害，人類自己也可以過上健康的生活，二者可以兼得。 （1）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第二段中的 What we found is that impacts vary across nations, but in the high173。impact nations, in general, you can see that, if you follow a nationally remended diet, despite the fact that these diets don39。t mention explicitly—or most of them don39。t explicitly mention—environmental impacts, that you are going to have lower environmental impacts due to that.” 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)（營養(yǎng)膳食指南的）影響因國家而異，但總的來說，在影響力較大的國家，如果你遵循國家推薦的膳食指南，即使這些膳食并未明晰對環(huán)境的影響，或者大多數(shù)膳食沒有明確說明這一點(diǎn)，但是你對環(huán)境的影響會(huì)因?yàn)樽裱改隙鴾p輕。由此推斷出 并非所有國家都以明確的方式推薦飲食 ，這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)Paul Behrens會(huì)贊成，故選C。 （2）考查詞義猜測。根據(jù)第三段中的“A third of the ice173。free land on Earth is used for agriculture, and according to some estimates, producing food accounts for roughly a fifth of all human173。caused greenhouse gas emissions. Fertilizer runoff also leads to other problems, like the algae blooms in Lake Eerie and the Dead Zone in the Gulf of Mexico.”地球上三分之一的無冰區(qū)被用于農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)，根據(jù)一些估算，食物生產(chǎn)大約占到了人類造成的溫室氣體排放量的五分之一。肥料徑流也導(dǎo)致了其他問題，例如伊利湖的藻類爆發(fā)以及墨西哥灣的死亡區(qū)域。由此推斷出劃線詞所在的句子意思是我們所吃的食物給環(huán)境帶來了巨大代價(jià)。takes a big toll on固定短語，“付出了巨大的代價(jià)”，故選B。 （3）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的“A third of the ice173。free land on Earth is used for agriculture, and according to some estimates, producing food accounts for roughly a fifth of all human173。caused greenhouse gas emissions.”地球上三分之一的無冰區(qū)被用于農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)，根據(jù)一些估算，食物生產(chǎn)大約占到了人類造成的溫室氣體排放量的五分之一。由此可知。A選項(xiàng)的描述 糧食生產(chǎn)可導(dǎo)致約20%的人為造成的溫室氣體，而只使用了三分之一的無冰土地 正確，故選A。 【點(diǎn)評】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解，詞義猜測和推理判斷三個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇科研類閱讀，要求考生準(zhǔn)確捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息，同時(shí)根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行邏輯推理，從而選出正確答案。7．閱讀短文，從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A、B、C和D）中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。 Plants are boring. They just sit there photosynthesizing (光合作用) while animals have all the fun. Right? Not so much. A new study has found that there is a long history of interactions between ants and plants. The ant and plant coevolution (協(xié)同進(jìn)化) started with ants feeding on plants and plants evolving antfriendly features. Plants make a number of different structures that are specific for ant use. Some plants have evolved features that persuade ants into defending them from attack from other insects and even mаmmаl?. Тhе?е ?nсludе hollow thorns that аnt? will live ?n??dе, or ехtra nесtаr (瓊漿) оn lеаvе? or stems for the ants to eat. Some ants will just cheat and take the nectar and run, but some will stick around and attack anything that tries to hurt the plant. Other plants get ants to help them move their seeds around, by providing them with rich food packets attached to the seeds. The ant will pick up the seed and carry it away, eat the food packet, and leave the seed—often in a nutrientrich area where it39。ll grow better, and since it39。s farther away from its parent, they won39。t have to pete for resources. But scientists weren39。t sure how the evolutionary relationship between ants and plants got started. If evolution is an arms race between species developing ways to make use of their neighbors, then scientists wanted to know whether plants or ants fired the first shot. It was a chickenandegg question, whether things started with ants developing behaviors to take advantage of plants, or plants evolving structures to take advantage of ants. The history of ants and plants evolving together goes back to the time of the dinosaurs, and it39。s not easy to tell from fossils who fired the first shot. However, it is a question of little significance. Scientists say their study maters