【正文】 is really circular: these books will naturally describe standard usage, because that is what they are for。 but this does not mean that there is anything wrong with other kinds of usage that are less often described.A better way of looking at things is to say that usage is “correct in its place”. Standard American English is correct in America, and formal written grammar is employed in formal writing. So this means there is no answer to the question: “What kind of English should learners study?” It depends on their purposes. For many learners, the best model is one or other of the two main standard varieties: British or American English. Neither of these is “better” than the other, and they are both used and understood worldwide.People are also worried by language change. If younger people “break” the rules that older people have learnt, older people often feel disturbed: they are concerned that younger people no longer know their grammar, and that the language is going downhill. This is a needless worry: change is natural and inevitable, it cannot be stopped, and it does not generally affect a language’s efficiency as a municative tool. A great deal of modern English grammar would have been wrong three hundred years ago, and will perhaps be wrong again three hundred years from now.8. What can we infer from paragraph 1?A. Learners are always confused by the reference books.B. Some wrong usages can be found in the reference books.C. Nobody can challenge the authority of the reference books.D. Usages not mentioned in the reference books are not necessarily wrong. is paragraph 2 mainly about?A. There is no “standard English”.B. American English is better than British English.C. A learner should master all the distinctions of different English.D. The differences between British English and American English.10. Which word can replace the underlined word “inevitable” in paragraph 3?A. Avoidable. B. Formal. C. Certain. D. Temporary.11. What is the author’s attitude towards the changes of English?A. Disturbed. B. Optimistic. . D. Doubtful.【答案】811 DACBDAnyone who mutes(通勤) by car knows that traffic jams are an unavoidable part of life. But humans are not alone in facing potential backups.Ants also mute between their nest and sources of food. The survival of their habitats depends on doing this efficiently.When humans mute, there’s a point at which cars bee dense(稠密) enough to slow down the flow of traffic, causing jam. researchers wanted to know if ants on the move could also get stuck. So they regulated traffic density by constructing bridges of various widths between a colony of Argentine ants and a source of food. Then they waited and watched, trying to find out at what point they are going to have a traffic jam.But it appears that that never happened. They always managed to avoid traffic jam. The flow of ants did increase at the beginning as ants started to fill the bridge and then levelled off at high densities. But it never slowed down or stopped, even when the bridge was nearly filled with ants.The researchers then took a closer look at how the behaviour of individual ants impacted traffic as a whole. And they found that when ants sense overcrowding, they adjust their speeds and avoid entering highdensity areas, which prevents jams. These behaviors may be promoted by pheromones, chemicals that tell other ants where a trail is. The ants also manage to avoid colliding(碰撞) with each other at high densities, which could really slow them down.Can ants help us solve our own traffic problems? Not likely. That’s because when it es to getting from point A to point B as fast as possible, human drivers put their own goals first. Individual ants have to be more cooperative in order to feed the colony. But the research could be useful in improving traffic flow for selfdriving cars, which can be designed to be less like selfish humans and more like ants.12. What does the underlined word “this” in paragraph 2 refer to?A. Surviving. B. Commuting. C. Finding food. D. Avoiding jams.13. How did the researchers control the traffic density of the muting ants?A. Through closer observation.B. By regulating their numbers.C. By finding out the dense points.D. By controlling the widths of their path.14. How can ants avoid traffic jam according to the research?A. They follow a special route.B. They level off at high densities.C. They never stop or slow down on the way.D. They depend on their natural chemicals to adjust their speeds. of the following can be the best title for the text?A. Traffic jamsB. Survival of an ant colonyC. Unavoidable? Not for ants!D. Differences between human and ants【答案】1215 BDDC第二節(jié)（共5小題；，）閱讀下面短文，從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。We’ve long been taught that helping others helps ourselves. As Charles Dickens wrote, “No one is useless in this world who lightens the burdens of another.”Science has shown that unselfish behaviors actually do improve our health. 16 It can reduce the risk for cognitive impairment(認(rèn)知障礙). It can even help us live longer. 37 A 2017 study found pain sufferers who volunteered reported decreased pain along with an improved sense of purpose. A new series of studies may have found one reason. Regions of the brain that react to painful stimulation seem to instantly disappear by the experience of giving.In another study, the researchers employed cancer patients living with pain and asked them to cook and clean for themselves or for the benefit of others at their treatment center. 18 When they did the work for their own personal benefit, the painrelieving effect was reduced by over 62%.In addition, the study found it was the meaning people gave to their good deeds that predicted how much pain the brain would perceive. Researchers believe the medicine should consider using unselfish “supplement therapies(補(bǔ)充療法) to treat pain”. A reduced sense of