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minating duplications in spending on facilities and Ramp。D ) ? 2. 交易成本的節(jié)省。如,外部效應內部化使效率提高。( reducing the efficiency losses caused by investment holdup problem or externalities (Ramp。D spillovers) ? 3. 可分擔因不對稱信息而帶來的風險。 ( overing the imperfections in capital market or insurance market caused by asymmetric information) ? 4. 不完全競爭。以戰(zhàn)略聯盟作幌子來實現串謀。(中國的情況,違反壟斷協議第 13條) 哪些因素導致企業(yè)進行戰(zhàn)略聯盟? ? Relative to mergers, strategic alliances can ? – Be more flexible and easier to dissolve ? – Allow the partners to reap the gains of integrating a portion of their businesses without merging other parts of their operations ? Competition Effects of Strategic Alliances ?? Strategic alliances can affect how firms pete against each other ?? If a strategic alliance lessens petition, it benefits the firms but it may be harmful to consumers ?? Two major strands of literature ? – Ramp。D strategic alliances ? – Production strategic alliances ? 歐盟,一般對第一類比較寬松,對生產方面的戰(zhàn)略聯盟限制得緊一些。 三、戰(zhàn)略聯盟的競爭效應 ? Ramp。D Alliances ? 在正的外部性存在的情況下,單獨投資會使經濟效率偏低,若將兩企業(yè)合在一起,則使效率提高。(例如,蘋果園與蜜蜂園) ? 在中國,產、學、研戰(zhàn)略聯盟成功的例子。校辦企業(yè)的產生 … ? ? Firms cooperate in Ramp。D spending and/or activities ? ? Two seminal papers: D’Aspremont and Jacquemin 1988, Kamien, Muller and Zang 1992 ? ? Kamien et al is a generalization of D’Aspreomont and Jacquemin 研究與開發(fā)戰(zhàn)略聯盟 ? ? In both models: ? Oligopolistic firms engage in Ramp。D ? Ramp。D has spillover effects ? ? Main conclusion: ? There is no uniform conclusion with regard to the effects of Ramp。D cooperation on Ramp。D spending. They depend on the size of spillovers as well as how Ramp。D cooperation is anized ? 結論是有爭議的。 ?The Model by D’Aspremont and Jacquemin (AER 1988) ?? Two firms produce an identical product ?? The inverse demand function: P = a – bQ ?? qi: Output produced by firm i ?? xi: Amount of research undertaken by firm i ?? The cost function of a firm: ?? Assume 0 A a and 0 β 1 ?? Ramp。D reduces a firm’s cost (“process innovation”) ?? β表示 Ramp。D 溢出效應。 ?? Total cost of Ramp。D: ?? Twostage model ?Stage 1: 企業(yè)同時選擇 xi ; Stage 2: 企業(yè)同時選擇 qi ? 分析三種情況 : ? 1)沒有合作 (“Ramp。D petition”) ? 2)僅 Ramp。D有合作 (“Ramp。D cartelization”) ? 3) Ramp。D與生產都有合作 (“monopoly”) ?? Observations: ? 由于存在正的溢出效應,在沒有 Ramp。D合作的情況下,各個企業(yè)傾向于減少 Ramp。D的投資。 ? 在完全競爭產業(yè), Ramp。D合作會提高 Ramp。D的總量。 ? 但在寡頭市場上,結果卻不一定是這樣。 ? 這里考察的是寡頭市場。 ? No Cooperation ? At stage 2 ? Each firm solves: ? The firstorder condition: ? ? Solve the two firstorder conditions to obtain the Cournot Nash eq