【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 order to catch up with the : He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to ： 表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同步發(fā)生2)完成形式：He pretended not to have seen ：The book is said to have been translated into many ：表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前 二）不定式?？嫉目键c(diǎn)： 1）不定式做定語(yǔ)將要發(fā)生 2）不定式做狀語(yǔ)目的3）不定式充當(dāng)名詞功能To see is to )不定式的省略1)感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示動(dòng)作的完整性，真實(shí)性； + doing 表示動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性，進(jìn)行性I saw him work in the garden 。(強(qiáng)調(diào)“我看見了”這個(gè)事實(shí))I saw him working in the garden 。（強(qiáng)調(diào)“我見他正干活”這個(gè)動(dòng)作）? 感官動(dòng)詞后面接形容詞而不是副詞：The cake tastes good。It feels )使役動(dòng)詞 have bid make let 等詞后不定式要省略但同1)一樣被動(dòng)以后要還原to I ?d like to have John do have my package doesn‘t have to be made to )help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do 四)有些動(dòng)詞后只跟不定式如：want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan，offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do be ambitious to to to do五)有的時(shí)候to后面要接ing形式accustom(oneself)to。be accustomed to。face up to。in addition to。look forward to。object to。be reduced to。resign oneself to。be resigned to。resort to。sink to。be used to。be alternative to。be close/closeness to。be dedication/dedicated to。be opposition/opposed to。be similarity/similar 、need/want 后的ing形式具有被動(dòng)的意思。其中，want不太常用。He needs(a lot of)： 具有動(dòng)作性特征的名詞 1)是名詞 seeing is believing 2)具有動(dòng)詞性特征可以帶賓語(yǔ) starving troops is )動(dòng)名詞的形式: 一般形式：I don39。t like you ：I regret not having taken your ：This question is far from being )動(dòng)名詞?？嫉狞c(diǎn)1)動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)2)在動(dòng)名詞和不定式中,做為介詞的賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)名詞3)動(dòng)名詞的否定直接在其前加否定詞, would appreciate_______ back this afternoon．A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you39。re calling（Key：C your calling 也對(duì)）I regret not having taken your )有些詞后只能接動(dòng)名詞admit。appreciate。avoid。celebrate。consider。contemplate。defer。delay。deny。detest。discontinue。dislike。dispute。enjoy。it entails。escape。excuse。explain。fancy。feel like。finish。forgive。can39。t help。hinder。imagine。it involves。keep。it means。mention。mind。miss。it necessitates。pardon。postpone。practice。prevent。recall。report。resent。resist。risk。suggest。understand...另外還有一些接ing形式的常用說法：it39。s no good。it39。s no/little/hardly any/ use。it39。s not/hardly/scarcely use。it39。s worthwhile。spend money/time。there39。s no。there39。s no point in。there39。s nothing worse than。what39。s the use/point...5有些詞后加不定式和動(dòng)名詞均可remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和ing形式，意義截然不容。I remembered to post the letters.(指未來/過去未來的動(dòng)作)I remembered posting/having posting the letters(我記得這個(gè)動(dòng)作)forgot與remember的用法類似。I regret to inform you that… 我很遺憾地通知你…I regretted having left the firm after twenty “二十年前的離開”而遺憾。try to 努力 You really must try to overe your –ing 試驗(yàn) Try practicing five hours a mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.[打算、想]我想去，但我父親不讓我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.[意味著]贈(zèng)加工資意味著增加購(gòu)買力。prefer的用法： 我寧愿在這里等。I prefer to wait here.（所以啊，你不介意的話，我就等下去。）I prefer waiting here.（我正在這里等，我就喜歡這么做。）I prefer swimming to cycling.（這個(gè)句子里面就不能用不定式了。）分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞主動(dòng)進(jìn)行,過去分詞被動(dòng)狀態(tài) 現(xiàn)在分詞的形式: 1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）?(與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同步發(fā)生)2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed.(發(fā)生謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前)3)完成被動(dòng)形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.(發(fā)生謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前且表示被動(dòng))過去分詞1)過去分詞表示被動(dòng)：Fight no battle )過去分詞的進(jìn)行形式：You39。ll find the topic being discussed everywhere.(強(qiáng)調(diào)正在被做)這三種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，都可以構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所修飾的成分是這些非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)。他們之間的一致關(guān)系——主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)，往往就是考點(diǎn)。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，要注意的是分詞與他前面的邏輯主語(yǔ)之間的主動(dòng)被動(dòng)的關(guān)系。二：虛擬三：虛擬語(yǔ)氣情態(tài)動(dòng)詞所表達(dá)的可能性程度：must/can39。t ? should/shouldn39。t ? might/may(not)另外兩個(gè)“類情態(tài)詞的形式：”need/needn39。t。have to/don39。t have to ? 最自然的虛擬狀態(tài)：由should/would+原型時(shí)態(tài)（不含時(shí)間只含狀態(tài)）本質(zhì)上是過去將來時(shí)：即，時(shí)間固定在過去將來，狀態(tài)不同：一般、進(jìn)行、完成、完成進(jìn)行。這時(shí)“虛擬語(yǔ)氣”的產(chǎn)生往往是因?yàn)槲覀円磉_(dá)“本來應(yīng)該……”（而現(xiàn)在卻還沒有……）（本來可以……，本來能……）I should go!(… but I39。m still here!)(一般)I should be working now!(進(jìn)行)I should have practiced more(than I did)!(完成)我應(yīng)該多多練習(xí)！（言下之意，現(xiàn)在我練習(xí)得不多。）I shouldn39。t dream away my time too much!(完成的否定)(actually I did dream away my time too much!)It shouldn39。t have been leaking for such a long time!(完成進(jìn)行)I may/might/could have finished!(完成)一些常見的句型中，就會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種虛擬語(yǔ)氣，而處于從句之中，should 常常被省略掉 o suggest, advise, propose, remend, plan。o demand, order, direct, arrange, mand, decide。o require, request。o think, expect, believe, insist, “建議，假設(shè)，應(yīng)該”這類的含義，所以，由他們引起的從句中，就會(huì)包含有should+原型時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。這些動(dòng)詞（以及他們的名次形式，分詞形式）引起的從句還有其他的變形： 主語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句，同位語(yǔ)從句It39。s suggested that… My suggestion is that… The only suggestion that...The only suggestion I can give you now is that… 一些形容詞引起的表語(yǔ)從句中，也會(huì)有同樣的情況important。necessary。essential It39。s natural。strange。incredible that a pity。a shame。no wonder ? 由lest, for fear that, in case 引起的從句中多使用should ? 表達(dá)與事實(shí)相反：使用[過去時(shí)]：I wish I were not here!(一般現(xiàn)在?一般過去)Suppose we were not loved me as if I were his own son.(一般現(xiàn)在?一般過去)Hope I weren39。t always losing things!(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行?過去進(jìn)行)If only/If I hadn39。t been there!(現(xiàn)在完成?過去完成)What if I hadn39。t been waiting right here!(現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行?過去完成進(jìn)行)?？季湫停篒t39。s(high)time(that)…。would rather(that)…這兩個(gè)從句，只能表達(dá)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的看法，所以，從句中只有一般過去時(shí)。：過去完成時(shí)；How nice it is if I had past the test!How nice it is if I had slept a little more this morning!？將來的事情沒有發(fā)生，所以只能推測(cè)。If it rains tomorrow, we39。ll have to stay one day ，由于可以用be to表示將來；所以，虛擬語(yǔ)氣中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)were to；也是CET4的?？颊Z(yǔ)法點(diǎn)。? 虛擬條件句o if 部分，做一個(gè)與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)（所以只有一般過去和過去完成）；o 主句部分，這是表示基于這個(gè)假設(shè)的推測(cè)，一般使用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞would，少數(shù)情況下使用could/might/may。o 注意：兩個(gè)部分之間，是有邏輯關(guān)系，而在兩部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)上，沒有必然的聯(lián)系。? 注意，虛擬條件句中的if可以省略，造成were/had提前，產(chǎn)生倒裝。? 隱含的非真實(shí)條件What would you do with 50 thousand dollar? How could I be happy without you? 除了條件狀語(yǔ)從句之外，原因狀語(yǔ)從句也會(huì)出現(xiàn)虛擬語(yǔ)氣。o 由in order that, so that引起的從句，肯定的時(shí)候可以使用may/might。can/could。否定的時(shí)候，多用shouldn39。t。o whoever, whatever, no matter what引起的從句中，多用may+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法及其區(qū)別一、用―情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋have ＋done‖結(jié)構(gòu)表示對(duì)過去動(dòng)作的推測(cè)常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有： must have done：表示對(duì)過去動(dòng)作的肯定推測(cè)，常譯作―一定做了……‖，只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式為can‘t／couldn‘t have done?疑問式為Can／Could...have done﹖。could ／migh