【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 類詞有： feel 覺得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear聽到 watch注視 listen to聽 perceive察覺，感知 notice注意 see看見 look at看 hear聽On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the )另一類是某些使役動詞，如make, let，have等。如： Let him do 。I would have you know that I am ill．我想要你知道我病了。(注)：①上述感覺動詞與使役動詞轉換為被動結構時．其后的不定式一般需帶to，如： He was seen to e．The boy was made to go to bed early.②在動詞find與help之后，不定式可帶to亦可不帶to，如: He was surprised to find the sheep(to)break fence at this season．他發(fā)現(xiàn)羊在此季節(jié)越出柵欄，感到驚訝。3)在do nothing／anything／everything but(except)結構中。例如：Last night I did nothing but watch TV．昨天晚上，我除了看電視別的什么也沒有干。但是，如果謂語動詞不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶。The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙，其它什么都沒有說。There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent．除了保持沉默以外，他們沒有別有別的辦法。（4）不定式與動名詞的邏輯主語和分詞獨立結構1)不定式的邏輯主語為：for +名詞(或代詞賓格)+ 不定式。例如： I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．我發(fā)現(xiàn)他—個人干這活是不可能的。(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容詞后面，常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語。例如： It was wise of him to do that．他那樣做是明智的。2)動名詞的邏輯主語為；①人稱代詞的所有格+動名詞；②名詞39。s+動名詞。例如： Tom insisted on my going with them．他堅持要我和他們一起去。He dislikes his wife39。s working late．他不喜歡他妻子工作得很晚。3)某些形容詞，如：careless等不定式后可以加of來引導出其邏輯主語。這類詞主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等 It is very kind of you to help me．你幫助我太好了。間或也可用for + there to be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）。It39。s a great pity for there to be much trouble in the 。7．非謂語動詞中的有關句型（1）動名詞作主語的句型1）Doing...+ is an 。Seeing is 。2)It is + no use, no good(fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名詞+doing is no use 。It is no good 。It is a great fun playing football．打籃球很有趣。It is a waste of time trying to explain．設法解釋是浪費時間。3)It is + useless(nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容詞)+ doing sth． It is useless 。It is nice seeing you again．真高興又遇到了你。It is good Playing chess after supper．晚飯后弈棋挺好。It is expensive running this car．開這種小車是浪費。有些非謂語形式已成為固定用語，用來表示說話人對說話內(nèi)容所特的態(tài)度。1）現(xiàn)在分詞的獨立結構judging from / by?, generally speaking, strictly speaking 2)不定式的獨立結構to tell you the truth, to make things worse, to begin / start with 3)動詞原形： Believe it or not(信不信由你)4)作連詞的分詞considering（考慮到，就?而言），providing / provided ?假如，supposing 假如 這些詞用來表示條件的連詞，后接that 從句。獨立主格結構一、概念：“獨立主格結構”是由名詞或代詞作為邏輯主語，加上分詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞不定式或介詞短語作為邏輯謂語構成。這種結構在形式上與主句沒有關系，通常稱為“獨立主格結構”。二、功能：“獨立主格結構”實質就是帶有自己主語的非限定狀語從句。眾所周知非限定性從句通常以主句的某一成分作為自己的邏輯主語，從而依附于主句。而有些非限定性從句和無動詞從句帶有自己的主語，在結構上與主句不發(fā)生關系，因此成為獨立主格結構。其實，雖然叫做獨立主格結構，并不是真正的獨立，它還是一種從屬分句，在句中有多種作用。如：表原因、表條件、表方式、表伴隨、表時間等，在句中通常起狀語作用。三、形式：獨立主格結構在形式上有兩部分組成：第一部分有名詞或代詞擔任，第二部分由分詞、動詞不定式、形容詞、副詞、或介詞短語擔任。按其結構形式分為：—ing 分詞獨立主格結構；—ed分詞獨立主格結構；無動詞獨立主格結構等。四、舉例：There being nothing else to do, they gone ，他們離開了。（代詞＋－ing。表原因）Miss Wang e into the classroom, books in ，手里拿著書。（無動詞結構；表伴隨）The old man sat in his chair, his eyes ，閉著眼睛。（名詞＋－ed。表狀態(tài)）Class over, we began to play ，我們開始玩籃球。（名詞＋副詞；表時間）Without a word more spoken, he picked up the ，他拾起那張紙。（借此結構；表伴隨）The last guest to arrive, our party was ，我們的晚會開始了。（名詞＋不定式；表時間）五、獨立主格結構與分詞短語作狀語的異同：獨立主格結構與分詞短語都可以轉化成狀語從句。但是，獨立主格結構轉換成狀語從句后，有自己的邏輯主語，與主句的主語不一致；而分詞短語轉化為狀語從句后，從句的主語與主句的主語相同。例：⑴ If time permit, we’d better have a rest at this weekend.－→Time permitting，we’d better have a rest at this ，本周末我們最好休息一下。⑵ When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful.－→Seeing from the top floor, we can find the garden more ，花園更漂亮。還應該注意，分詞結構的邏輯主語不是總和主句的主語一致，而是主句的其他成分。語法上稱作“依著原則”；有些分詞結構在句子上找不到它的邏輯主語，語法上稱作“懸垂分詞”。例：⑴ Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long ，用了我很長時間。(依著原則)⑵ When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root.(我們)種花時必須小心，不能碰壞花根。（懸垂分詞）六、獨立主格結構與獨立成分的異同：有的分詞短語可以獨立存在，在句子中沒有邏輯上的主語，實際上已經(jīng)成了習慣短語。這些短語有：generally speaking。frankly speaking。judging from。supposing等等。例：⑴ Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to ，這個規(guī)則很容易懂。⑵ Judging from what he said, she must be an honest ，她一定很誠實。有些固定短語是帶to的不定式，表明說話人的立場和態(tài)度，在句中作獨立成分。這些短語有：to be honest。to be sure。to tell you the truth。to cut a long story short。to be frank。to make the matter worse等等。例：⑴ To tell you the truth, what I said at the meeting was not my ，我在會上說的并不是我的意見。⑵ To make the matter worse, he locked his keys in the ，他把鑰匙鎖在車里了七、非謂語動詞獨立主格結構在獨立主格結構中，非謂語動詞和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關系。Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or , 你遲早一定會成功的。（such an able man和 to help you 之間存在著主謂關系）= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a ，他母親開始給他講故事。（seating himself at the desk擁有了自己的邏輯主語he，注意是“主格”）= When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a key to the bike lost, he had to walk to ，他只好步行去學校。（lost 的邏輯主語是the key，lost 也可以用完成式having been lost）= Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to ．不定式“獨立主格結構”在“邏輯主語+動詞不定式”結構中，動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關系。這種結構也可用一個從句或并列分句來表達。1．動詞不定式用主動的形式在獨立主格結構中，動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關系。His mother to e tonight，he is busy preparing the ,他正在忙著準備飯菜。（= As his mother is to e tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.）——will you go to the concert tonight 你今晚去聽音樂會嗎？ —— many exercisebooks to check, I really can39。t afford any ，有這多的作業(yè)要批，我真的抽不出時間。（＝Because I shall check so many exercisebooks tonight ,I really can39。t afford any time.）The four of us agreed on a division of labour , each to translate a quarter of the ，每人翻譯全書的四分之一。（＝The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.）Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted, our newlybuilt school will look even more ，花和草后，我們新建的學校將看上去更美。(=If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newlybuilt school will look even more beautiful.)B．ing形式“獨立主格結構”動詞的ing形式作狀語時，其邏輯主語一般應與句子的主語保持一致。Being ill, he went ,他回家了。（= As he was very ill, he went home.）Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a ，他開始看雜志。（= W