【文章內容簡介】 博雅教育的重要，強調大學本科不僅止于專業(yè)的訓練。相對的，我們要求學生放寬學習的眼界，甚至涉獵與他們日后可能追求的專業(yè)相距甚遠的領域。用學生對我們的課程所作的評語來說，我們的目的是“動搖他們先入為主的想法??, 揭示在表象以下，或以外，的事物，擺脫他們原定的方向，再幫助他們重新找到方向?！被蛘呶覀兛梢哉f，我們的大學之道，也是在“明明德”。真理是從辯論，從反駁，從問題，從疑惑中出現(xiàn)。用一位教授的話說，我們“鼓動學生不僅和老師，也和同學，去思考，去辯論?！币粋€躍躍欲試的心靈，一個勇于挑戰(zhàn)的心靈，也就是一個開放的創(chuàng)新的心靈，一個勇于應付未來種種變化的心靈。就像我們用新的方法發(fā)現(xiàn)真理，我們也在新的場域發(fā)現(xiàn)真理。傳統(tǒng)知識發(fā)展所界定的學科范疇正在合縱連橫，我們今天越來越積極的跨越知識界限。各種科學正相互改變對方。當我們探尋生物工程或電腦生物學這樣的新興領域，生命和物理科學合而為一?？茖W也邁出固有領域，進入社會和人文科學，藉以在世界找尋新的定位。當哈佛干細胞研究所成立時，創(chuàng)建者明白它的成員——用他們自己的話說——“不只是包括科學家和物理學家?也該有從事法律，政府，神學，商學，和人文方面的哈佛教授。”最近在一門 “倫理學，生物科技，和人性未來” 的新課里，哈佛干細胞研究計劃的領導者和一位政府和倫理學教授向他們學生提出耐人深思的問題：一對有聽覺障礙的夫婦是否應該被準許懷一個有聽覺障礙的孩子？創(chuàng)造一個人獸混種的生命有沒有錯？人的生命從什么時候開始？在追求真理的過程里，不僅科學界踏上新的途徑，人文和社會科學領域也同樣致力跨學科研究。反思帝國主義歷史對文學的影響已經(jīng)產生了“后殖民研究”的豐富成果。法學和經(jīng)濟學的交會為我們對法律制度和政府政策的理解帶來新意。在法學院一門關于道德和法律論證的的課堂上，師生藉由莎士比亞的《威尼斯商人》文學想象了解死刑的影響。在二十一世紀追尋真理不僅需要我們跨越學科的疆界，也跨越國家的疆 2 界，就像我今天站在這里就是一個見證。當全球的關系與日俱增，真理的構思也必須帶有國際視野。我們的社會學家對家庭的理解，建筑學家的設計理念都必須與世界接軌；我們商學院的課程專題評估強調對中國、印度、還有其他國家的公司和組織的研究，應該和對美國的研究等量齊觀。我們法學院的新生在第一年就必須修習國際法。公共健康學院的研究員研究中國婦女乳癌的風險，與白人婦女的罹病數(shù)據(jù)作比較。傳染病研究在不同的背景下有不同的結論，必須在全球的技術上做出判斷。我們的神學院已經(jīng)有將近四百年的歷史，當初訓練基督教傳教士，如今研究世界宗教——從佛教，伊斯蘭教，印度教，到它本身基督教公理會教派的根源研究。近年以來，實在說近十年以來，我們開始鼓勵大學本科學生出國留學。我們建議他們在哈佛就學間能到美國以外的地區(qū)研習。僅僅過去六年，本科生出國留學的人數(shù)比例就上升了300%。今年單在中國，就有一百五十名哈佛大學本科生在這里學習，研 4 究，或實習。醫(yī)學院的研究生在中國五個定點工作。同時我們也歡迎大批國際學生到哈佛就學。哈佛各學院國際學生的總比例已將近20%，包括了一千四百名來自亞洲的學生。一百多年以前，當時還是北大創(chuàng)校的初期，哈佛的教授和學生必然與今天大不相同，他們教導，研究，和學習真理的方式也有顯著差別。即使如此，他們必然了解他們是在追求真理和知識，致力于“明明德”。我們今天之所以能在此，也是源自于他們的追求，他們的疑問，他們對更早一代的想法的挑戰(zhàn)，還有他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)為世界所帶來的改變。作為傳統(tǒng)的繼起者和受益者，我們懷有特別的使命。我們不僅是對過去，也對未來，負有責任。我們的責任是讓開放的原則，求知的習性，和獻身學問的態(tài)度持續(xù)滋長，以待下一個世紀的到來。我們的責任也是讓我今天所描述的的“真理”——veritas——這個字的種種新義, 不斷啟發(fā)我們，也定義我們的進步。第四篇：哈佛大學校長演講Good remarks at this moment in our Commencement rituals are officially titled a“Report to the Alumni.” The first time I delivered them, in 2008, I was the only obstaclebetween all of you and looked out on a sea of eager children, costumedDumbledores, and Quidditch brooms waving impatiently in the , you await MarkZuckerberg, whose wizardry takes a different form, one that has changed the world, andalthough he doesn39。t seem to have inspired an outbreak of hoodies, we certainly do have somecostumes in this audience see we are now handing out is a day of joy and celebration, of happy endings and new beginnings, of families andfriends, of achievements and is also a day when we as a university perform our mostimportant annual ritual, affirming once again the purposes that animate us and the values thatdirect and inspire want to speak today about one of the most important – and in recent months, mostcontested – of these is one that has provoked debate, dissent, confrontation, andeven violence on campuses across the country, and one that has attracted widespread publicattention and am, of course, talking about issues of free speech on university meaning andlimits of free speech are questions deeply embedded in our legal system, in interpretations ofthe First Amendment and its am no constitutional lawyer, indeed no lawyer atall, and I do not intend in my brief remarks today to address plex legal ,clearly, can I in a few brief minutes take on even a fraction of the arguments that have beenadvanced on this , I speak as one who has been a university president for adecade in order to raise three questions:First: Why is free speech so important to and at universities? Second: Why does it seem under special challenge right now?And, third: How might we better address these challenges by moving beyond just defensivelyprotecting free speech – which, of course, we must do – to actively and affirmatively enabling itand nurturing environments in which it can thrive?So first: Why is free speech so important to and at universities? This is a question I took upwith the newly arrived firstyear students in the College when I weled them at Convocationlast centuries, I told them, universities have been environments in which knowledge hasbeen discovered, collected, studied, debated, expanded, changed, and advanced through thepower of rational argument and pursue truth unrelentingly, but we must neverbe so placent as to believe we have unerringly attained is inspiration assume there is always more to know and discover so we open ourselves tochallenge and must always be ready to be wrong, so being part of a universitymunity requires courage and must be places open to the kind ofdebate that can change ideas and mitted to standards of reason and evidence that formthe bases for evaluating ideas or basking in intellectual orthodoxy independent of facts and evidenceimpedes our ac