【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 a buddy behind them watching their ’ve seen it on the shores of New Jersey and New York where leaders from every party and level of government have swept aside their differences to help a munity rebuild from the wreckage of a terrible I saw it just the other day, in Mentor, Ohio wehre a father told the story of his eightyearold daughter who’s long battle with leukemia nearly cost their family everything had it not been for healthc are reform passing just a few months insurance pany was about to stop paying for her care I had an opportunity to not just talk to the father but meet this incredible daughter of his, and when he spoke to the crowd listening to that father’ story, every parent in that room had tears in their eyes because we knew that little girl could be our I know that every American wants her future to be just as ’s who we ’s the country I’m so proud to lead as your tonight, despite all the hardship we’ve been through, despite al lthe frustrations of Washington, I’ve never been more hopeful about our futureI’ve never been more hopeful about I ask you to sustain that ’m not talking about blind kind of hope that just ignores the enormity of the tasks ahead or the road blocks that stand in our ’m not talking about the wishful idealism that allows us to just sit on the sidelines or shirk from a have always believed that hope is that stubborn thing inside of us that insists, despite all the evidence to the contrary, that something better awaits us so long as we have the courage to keep reaching to keep working, to keep , I believe we can build on the progress we made and continue to fight for new jobs and new opportunity and new security for the middle class I believe we can keep the promise of our idea that if you’re willing to work hard, it doesn’t matter who you are or where you e from or what you look like or where you love, it doesn’t matter if you’re black or white or Hispanic or asian, or native American, or young or old, or rich or poor, able, disabled, gay or straight, you can make believe we can sieze this future we are not as divided as our politics ’re not as cynical as the pundents are greater than the sum of our individual we remain more than a collection of red states and blue are and forever will be the United States of your help and God’s grace, we will continue our journey remind the world just why it is that we live in the greatest nation on you, bless bless these United States.” [CHEERING]第二篇：奧巴馬競(jìng)選獲勝演講2009年4月號(hào)中旬刊摘 要：本文從文體學(xué)角度詳細(xì)分析了美國(guó)總統(tǒng)奧巴馬的競(jìng)選獲勝演講中的多種修辭手法，如排比、對(duì)照、重復(fù)、頭韻、比喻和引用等。關(guān)鍵詞：奧巴馬演講 修辭分析大量使用修辭是英文演講的一個(gè)主要文體特點(diǎn)，歷史上無(wú)數(shù)的演講名篇無(wú)不以修辭取勝，給人留下深刻的 印象。諸如美國(guó)總統(tǒng)林肯的《葛底斯堡演說(shuō)》中的排比句： “A government of the people，by the people，for the people shall not perish from the earth.”（民有，民治，民享的政府永 遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)在地球上消失）；美國(guó)總統(tǒng)肯尼迪就職演說(shuō)中的對(duì) 句：“Ask not what your country can do for you，ask what you can do for your country.”（不要問(wèn)你的國(guó)家為你做了什么，而要先問(wèn)你為你的國(guó)家做了什么。）；美國(guó)黑人領(lǐng)袖馬丁 路德金的《我有一個(gè)夢(mèng)想》中反復(fù)使用的諸如“Now is the time”，“I have a dream”，“One hundred years later”，“With this faith”，“Let freedom ring”等重復(fù)手法；美國(guó)副總統(tǒng)戈 爾演講中的頭韻：“We should not demean our democracy with the politics of distraction，denial，and despair.”（我們不 可用消解、拒絕和絕望的托辭貶屈我們的民主）；美國(guó)民 權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人耶西杰克遜演講中的比喻：“America is not like a blanket—— —one piece of unbroken cloth...America is more like a quilt—— —woven together with one mon thread...”（美國(guó)不像一張地毯—— —一塊完整的布??美 國(guó)更像一條被子—— —用一根線編制在一起??）等不勝 枚舉。這些使用修辭的經(jīng)典詞句給人們留下了難以磨滅 的印記，被很多人熟記并稍加修改后運(yùn)用到自己的寫(xiě)作 中去。盡管美國(guó)新一任總統(tǒng)奧巴馬的競(jìng)選獲勝演講（注：講稿非奧巴馬本人撰寫(xiě)，執(zhí)筆人是年僅27歲的喬恩法弗 洛，當(dāng)然奧巴馬也會(huì)參與意見(jiàn)）在某些文體方面已不再固守傳統(tǒng)，如開(kāi)始使用“It’s”，“that’s”，“She’s”等縮略形式，不再使用諸如“my fellow citizens”，“my friends”等約定俗 成的呼語(yǔ)，但是在修辭方面卻絲毫沒(méi)有懈怠，使用了很多 為其演講增色的修辭手法，下面筆者逐一加以探討。（parallelism）莫屬，可以說(shuō)是必不可少的。排比即將三個(gè)或三個(gè) 以上結(jié)構(gòu)一致或相似的詞、詞組或句子并置在一起。使用 排比會(huì)給人以一氣呵成之感，節(jié)奏感強(qiáng)，增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言氣勢(shì)，加強(qiáng)表達(dá)效果，可以把論點(diǎn)闡述得更嚴(yán)密，更透徹。在奧 巴馬的演講中不乏成功的排比句。如：“The true strength of our nation es not from our might of our arms or thescale of our wealth，but from the enduring power of our ideals：democracy，liberty，opportunity，and unyielding hope.”（我們國(guó)家的真正力量不是來(lái)自我們強(qiáng)有力的武器，亦非來(lái)自我們雄厚的財(cái)富，而是來(lái)自我們持久不變的理想：民主、自由、機(jī)遇和夙愿），這屬于單詞的排比，而這在漢語(yǔ)中一般并不歸類(lèi)為排比；再如：“She lived to see them standup and speak out and reach for the ballot.”（她活著看到女人們站起來(lái)，說(shuō)出來(lái)，并獲得選舉權(quán)）；“There is new energyto harness and new jobs to be created；new schools to buildand threats to meet and alliances to repair.”（我們還要使用新的能量，創(chuàng)造新的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，開(kāi)辦新的學(xué)校，勇敢面對(duì)威脅，積極修復(fù)盟國(guó)關(guān)系）和“I would not be standing heretonight without the unyielding support of my best friend forthe last sixteen years，the rock of our family and the love ofmy life，our nation’s next First Lady，Michelle Obama.”（我今晚能站在這里，是和一個(gè)人的不懈支持分不開(kāi)的。她是我過(guò)去十六年中最好的朋友，我家庭的基石，我一生的至愛(ài)，她就是我們國(guó)家的下一位第一夫人，米歇爾奧巴馬），這屬于詞組的排比； 又如：“I may not have won yourvote，but I hear your voices，I need your help，and I will beyour President too.”（也許我沒(méi)有獲得你們的選票，但是我聽(tīng)到了你們的聲音，我需要你們的幫助，我也將是你們的總統(tǒng)）和 “If there is anyone out there who still doubts thatAmerica is a place where all things are possible；who stillwonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time；whostill questions the power of our democracy，tonight is youranswer.”（如果還有人懷疑美國(guó)是一個(gè)一切皆有可能的國(guó)家，如果還有人懷疑我們國(guó)家的締造者們的夢(mèng)想如今是否依然存在，如果還有人懷疑我們國(guó)家民主的力量，那么今晚你們就可以得到答案），這屬于句子的排比。排比的運(yùn)用使奧巴馬的演講語(yǔ)言更豐富，結(jié)構(gòu)更緊湊，說(shuō)理更有力度。（antithesis）也是演講中一個(gè)比較常見(jiàn)的修辭手法。該手法通過(guò)將對(duì)比明顯的兩個(gè)事物或事件并置而達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)差異的目的，對(duì)比的兩方在意思上是相反的，但在形式是相似的。如：“It’s the answer spoken byyoung and old，rich and poor，Democrat and Republican，black，white，Latino，Asian，and Native American，gay，straight，disabled and not disabled...”（無(wú)論是年輕人還是年長(zhǎng)者，富人還是窮人，民主黨人還是共和黨人，黑人還是白人，拉美人、亞洲人還是美國(guó)人，同性戀還是異性戀，殘疾人還是健全人，他們都在回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題）；再如：“Our stories are singular，but our destiny is shared.”（我們的故事是不同的，但我們的命運(yùn)是相同的）； 又如：“To those whowould tear this world down—— —we will defeat thosewho seek peace and security—— —we support you.”（對(duì)于那些想要破壞這個(gè)世界的人，我們要打敗你們。對(duì)于那些追求和平與安全的人，我們支持你們。）通過(guò)對(duì)照的方式可奧巴馬競(jìng)選獲勝演講的修辭分析郭 瑞1王秋生2（1河北師范大學(xué) 外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院，河北 石家莊 050016；2北京語(yǔ)言大學(xué) 外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院，北京 100000）○ 文學(xué)語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究422009年4月號(hào)中旬刊以使自己想突出的觀點(diǎn)更凸顯。（repetition）在漢語(yǔ)的修辭手法里是不單列出來(lái)的。而且上邊談到的排比其實(shí)也屬于重復(fù)的范疇，而后邊即將談到的頭韻，不會(huì)談到的諧元韻、諧輔韻