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iew的57個(gè)國(guó)家中的53個(gè)國(guó)家采用〕; offsite supervision (49 countries out of 57)。 非現(xiàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)測(cè)(57個(gè)國(guó)家中的49個(gè)采用〕; control credit risk concentration. 控制信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的集中(j237。zhōng)。 In addition, CRs favor competition and may help preventing the establishment of dominant positions in the banking market and in that of credit information. 此外,信用登記鼓勵(lì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)并將有助于防止銀行市場(chǎng)和信貸信息上支配力量的形成。,第八頁,共二十頁。,CR amp。 Risk Based Supervision 信用登記(dēngj236。)與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性監(jiān)管,The international trend toward a risk based bank supervision (i.e. an approach less based on administrative rules and more on a close monitoring of banks’ risk exposures) opens up a new role for CRs. 向風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性監(jiān)管(jiānguǎn)轉(zhuǎn)變的國(guó)際潮流使信用登記有了新作用。 Adequate credit risk databases for banks and bank supervisors are in fact a precondition for risk based regulation and supervision (together with adequate skills among bank supervisors, new effective monitoring procedures and sanctions). 向銀行和銀行監(jiān)管者提供的足夠的信貸信息數(shù)據(jù)實(shí)際上是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性監(jiān)管的前提條件〔還包括:監(jiān)管者一定的能力,新的有效監(jiān)控程序和sanction)。,第九頁,共二十頁。,CR amp。 Risk Based Supervision 信用(x236。ny242。ng)登記與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性監(jiān)管,The ongoing debate about the desirable bank capital regulation approach offer a useful example of the role that CR data may play in the definition of a risk based regulation in emerging countries. CR data may in fact help to solve a: 一直以來關(guān)于理想的銀行資本監(jiān)管方法的討論為信用登記數(shù)據(jù)在新興國(guó)家對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性監(jiān)管的定義方面所起的作用提供了有用的例子。信用登記數(shù)據(jù)實(shí)際上將有助于解決一下問題: measurement problem: quantifying the VaR for a banking system without using complex models。 測(cè)算問題:不使用復(fù)雜的模型而能確定銀行體系風(fēng)險(xiǎn)價(jià)值的大??; policy problem: indicating how VaRs can be split among Capital and Loan Loss Reserves (an area where Basel 2 does not provide guidance). 政策問題:指出風(fēng)險(xiǎn)價(jià)值在資本和貸款損失準(zhǔn)備(zhǔnb232。i)之間是如何劃分的〔新巴賽爾協(xié)議未涉及此問題〕,第十頁,共二十頁。,CR amp。 Bank Capital Regulation 信用(x236。ny242。ng)登記與銀行資本金監(jiān)管,Recent research at the World Bank (Majnoni, Miller, Powell, 2004) shows that countries with CRs, may apply simple statistical techniques to: 世界銀行最近研究(Majnoni, Miller, Powell, 2004)說明,實(shí)行信用登記的國(guó)家可能采用(cǎiy242。ng)簡(jiǎn)單的統(tǒng)計(jì)技巧進(jìn)行如下操作: Visualize the distribution of Credit Losses and the VaR without incurring into model or estimation errors. 將信貸損失和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)價(jià)值的分布