【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 ongRun Expansion Path Labor per year Capital per year L2 Q2 K2 D C F E Q1 A B L1 K1 L3 P ShortRun Expansion Path In LR, can change capital and min costs falls to K2 and L2. 41 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Long Run Versus Short Run Cost Curves ? LAC ? 決定長期平均成本 L AC和邊際成本 MC 形狀的因素是規(guī)模報酬遞減規(guī)律。 1. 規(guī)模報酬不變 —長期平均成本曲線和邊際成本曲線水平，是常數(shù)。 42 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Long Run Versus Short Run Cost Curves 2. 規(guī)模報酬遞增 ——長期平均和邊際成本曲線下右下方傾斜 3. 規(guī)模報酬遞減 ——長期成曲線向右上傾斜、 4. 長期成本曲線也是 U型的。 43 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Long Run Versus Short Run Cost Curves ?長期邊際成本石油長期平均成本決定的 : ? If LMC LAC, LAC will fall ? If LMC LAC, LAC will rise ? Therefore, LMC = LAC at the minimum of LAC ?當(dāng) LAC不變時， LAC and LMC 相等 44 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Long Run Average and Marginal Cost Output Cost ($ per unit of output LAC LMC A 45 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)和規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì) ?規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì) ? Increase in output is greater than the increase in inputs ?規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì) ? Increase in output is less than the increase in inputs ?Ushaped LAC shows economies of scale for relatively low output levels and diseconomies of scale for higher levels 46 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Long Run Costs ?規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)以成本 產(chǎn)出彈性衡量 EC ACMCCCEC ????EC1,規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì) EC=1, EC1，規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì) 47 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Long Run Costs ? EC is equal to 1, MC = AC ? Costs increase proportionately with output ? Neither economies nor diseconomies of scale ? EC 1 when MC AC ? Economies of scale ? Both MC and AC are declining ? EC 1 when MC AC ? Diseconomies of scale ? Both MC and AC are rising 48 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. 短期成本和長期成本的關(guān)系 ?長期成本曲線是短期成本曲線的包絡(luò)線 49 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Long Run Cost with Constant Returns to Scale ?The optimal plant size will depend on the anticipated output ? If expect to produce q0, then should build smallest plant: AC = $8 ? If produce more, like q1, AC rises ? If expect to produce q2, middle plant is least cost ? If expect to produce q3, largest plant is best 50 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Long Run Cost with Economies and Diseconomies of Scale 51 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. ?長期成本曲線是短期成本曲線的包絡(luò)線 52 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. ? 同時生產(chǎn)兩種產(chǎn)品會存在成本上的優(yōu)勢。 53 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. ?product transformation curves產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)換曲線 ?描繪了能以固定數(shù)量的投入生產(chǎn)的兩種產(chǎn)出的不同組合。 ?產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)換曲線向外彎曲，是因為存在生產(chǎn)的范圍經(jīng)濟(jì) 54 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Product Transformation Curve Number of cars Number of tractors O1 illustrates a low level of output. O2 illustrates a higher level of output with two times as much labor and capital. Each curve shows binations of output with a given bination of L K. O2 O1 55 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Production with Two Outputs – Economies of Scope ?The degree of economies of scope (SC) 范圍經(jīng)濟(jì)程度： ? C(q1) is the cost of producing q1 ? C(q2) is the cost of producing q2 ? C(q1,q2) is the joint cost of producing both products )qC(q)qC(q)C(q)C(q SC ,212121 ???56 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Production with Two Outputs – Economies of Scope ?With economies of scope, the joint cost is less than the sum of the individual costs ?Interpretation: ? If SC 0 ? Economies of scope ? If SC 0 ? Diseconomies of scope ? The greater the value of SC, the greater the economies of scope 57 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Dynamic Changes in Costs – The Learning Curve ?Firms may lower their costs not only due to economies of scope, but also due to managers and workers being more experienced at their jobs ?As management and labor gain experience with production, the firm’s marginal and average costs may fall 58 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Dynamic Changes in Costs – The Learning Curve ? Reasons 1. Speed of work increases with experience 2. Managers learn to schedule production processes more efficiently 3. More flexibility is allowed with experience。 may include more specialized tools and plant anization 4. Suppliers bee more efficient, passing savings to pany 59 Chapt