【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 ity, grocer, labor, mason, tailor, pork, beef, mutton, veal, etc. Common monosyllabic words derived from early French. . (Falling under the first three letters of the alphabet) age, air, arm, boil, brace, breeze, brush, cage, calm, car case, cause, cease, cell, chain, chance, change, chase, chief, chaise, chief, chaise, claim, clear, close, corpse, course, court, crime, cry, etc. b. Central French (or Parisian French) element Fashionable life and 39。polite39。 pastime: ballet, connoisseur(藝術(shù)品的 )鑒賞家 , suite , bellesletters純文學 , salon, fete, souvenir, debut , cuisine , boulevard, vigte, etiquette Words from the French Revolution: revolution, despotism, regime, tyranny, and royalism. Food and cooking, dress and furnishings: cafe, menu, bon jour早安 , blouse, trousseau, pincenez, surtout, etc. Some phoic features: 1) ch pronounced [F ] as chapeau（ 帽子 ） , chauffeur（ 司機 ） , machine, etc 2) g before e and i pronounced as [V] beige, bourgeois, prestige, regime。 3) ou pronounced as [u] coup, rouge, beaucoup。 4) final consonant p, s, t not pronounced, as in coup, debris, ballet, debut（ 開張 ） , etc. Greek Adoptions ? Greek words entered English at the time of the Renaissance. Some Creek words came in through Latin or French, while others through Greek directly. ? The majority of Greek borrowings is of a highly learned and specialized character. a. Literary terminology: drama, edy, tragedy, poet, and rhythm。 b. Philosophy and mathematics: basis, category, ethics, theory, and thesis。 c. Botany and physics: bulb, cactus, anism, pneumatic。 d. Medicine: diagnosis, neuralgia, rheumatism。 e. Modern inventions: bicycle, phonograph, photograph, telegraph, telephone, and television。 peculiar clusters: ch, ph, pn, rh, as in chasm, phone, pneumatic, rhetoric。 certain distinct Greek suffixes: id, isk, ism, ist, ize, oid, osis, . pyramid, asterisk, anism, socialist, philosophize, asteroid, neurosis. Some Modern English words based on Greek roots: Bio (life)– biology, biochemistry。 gam (marriage) – monogamy, polygamy, bigamy。 Gen – (to produce) – genesis, genuine, genius。 () Minor source of borrowing Italian (mainly in the fields of music, art and architecture): concert, duet, piano, soprano, solo, tenor。 model, bust, studio。 dome, balcony, son, influenza, lava and so on。 Spanish: armada, cargo, vanilla, cocoa, barbecue, cockroach蟑螂 , ranch and cigar。 Portuguese: caste, buffalo, flamingo, veranda and pagoda。 German: poodle獅子狗 , cobalt鈷 , nickel, plunder, waltz and zinc。 Dutch: dock, freight, frolic嬉戲 , cruise， buoy 救生圈 and keel（船）龍骨 Russian: vodka, troika三駕馬車 , ruble, steppe, sputnik and tsar。 Australian: kangaroo, wombat and dingo。 Chinese Words Amoy (eastern China) 廈門 pekoe, a type of tea白毫茶 . tea, originally pronounced like tay, can be traced to Dutch thee, from Malay and Amoy. Cantonese (southern China, Hong Kong) chop suey, from a word meaning miscellaneous bits.炒雜燴菜 chow, 中國狗（人） kumquat, a small citrus fruit金桔 . typhoon, from the words for great wind. yen, meaning a yearning or strong desire. Mandarin (Beijing, China。 official national standard) gung ho, a motto used by the Chinese Industrial Cooperative Society, from words meaning work together. It was picked up by . Marines during World War II. kowtow, from words meaning to knock [one39。s] head. kung fu, from gong fu, meaning skill, art. Japanese Words aikido, from words meaning mutual spirit art. futon, a type of mattress. geisha, from gei, meaning art and sha, person. honcho, from a word meaning squad leader. judo, from words meaning soft way. jujitsu, from words meaning soft arts. karaoke, from kara, meaning void, empty and oke(sutora), meaning orchestra. In a case of reverse borrowing, the Japanese word okesutora came from the English word orchestra. karate, from words meaning empty hand. Kimono, A loose robe worn chiefly by women. ninja, from nin, meaning to endure and ja, person. ramen, ultimately from the Mandarin Chinese words for pulled noodles. rickshaw, from jinrikisha, meaning personstrengthvehicle. sake, a rice wine. samurai, warrior. shogun, general. sushi Small cakes of cold cooked rice wrapped in seaweed, dres