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S (sanitary and phytosanitary measures) 衛(wèi)生與植物衛(wèi)生措施 13/02/2023 33 ? And the basic disciplines? ? 基本原則? 13/02/2023 34 nondiscrimination 非歧視 13/02/2023 35 “unnecessary obstacle” 不必要的障礙 13/02/2023 36 Transparency 透明性 13/02/2023 37 = ≈ Standards and Harmonization 標 準和 協(xié)調(diào) 一致 13/02/2023 38 Qualified obligation to use “as a basis for ...” 使用“作 為 … 基 礎 ”資 格的 責 任 (exceptions, SDT) (例外,特殊差 別 待遇) Presumption (rebuttable) + link to necessity 假 設 (可反 駁 )+ 必要性 鏈 接 Participate! 參加 ! TBT open / SPS closed 技 術 性 貿(mào) 易壁 壘 開放 / 衛(wèi) 生與植物 衛(wèi) 生措施關 閉 Sardines = ≈ 13/02/2023 39 Annex 3 of the TBT Agreement TBT協(xié)議 的附件 3 (Article 4 refers) 第四章有關 Annex 4 of the 2nd Triennial Review (G/TBT/9) 第二個三年回 顧 的附件 4 (Decision by the Committee) 委 員 會決 議 = ≈ 13/02/2023 40 Article of the TBT Agreement TBT 協(xié)議第 “Where technical regulations are required and relevant international standards exist or their pletion is imminent, Members shall use them, or the relevant parts of them, as a basis for their technical regulations …” “在 需要 技 術 法 規(guī) 和相關國 際標 準 存在 或者 這 些法 規(guī) 和 標 準即將完成的 領 域,成 員 方 應該 使用 這 些法 規(guī) 、標 準或其相關部分 作 為 其 技術 法 規(guī) … 基 礎 ” = ≈ 13/02/2023 41 “… except when such international standards or relevant parts would be an ineffective or inappropriate means for the fulfilment of the legitimate objectives pursued, for instance because of fundamental climatic or geographical factors or fundamental technological problem.” “與實現(xiàn)本國合法目標不相適應的國際標準或相關內(nèi)容除外,譬如:由于當?shù)氐臍夂?、地理因素或基本的技術問題(引發(fā)的問題) ” Article of the TBT Agreement TBT協(xié)議的第 = ≈ 13/02/2023 42 “… Whenever a technical regulation is prepared, adopted or applied for one of the legitimate objectives explicitly mentioned in paragraph 2, and is in accordance with relevant international standards, it shall be rebuttably presumed not to create an unnecessary obstacle to international trade.” “… 當準備、采納或應用第二段明確提到的技術法規(guī)或相關國際標準時,都不應被懷疑為對國際貿(mào)易創(chuàng)造了一些不必要的障礙 ” Article of the TBT Agreement TBT協(xié)議 第 (second sentence) = ≈ 13/02/2023 43 “Members shall, in the preparation and application of technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures, take account of the special development, financial and trade needs of developing country Members, with a view to ensuring that such technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles to exports from developing country Members.” “成 員 國,在技 術 法 規(guī) 、標 準和合格 評 定程序的準 備 和申 請 中, 應 考慮發(fā) 展中國家成 員 特殊的 發(fā)展 、財務 和 貿(mào) 易需要,旨在確保 這 些技 術法 規(guī) 、標 準和合格 評 定程序 不會對發(fā)展中國家出口帶來不必要障礙 ” Article of the TBT Agreement (Special and Differential Treatment) = ≈ 13/02/2023 44 “Members recognize that, although international standards, guides or remendations may exist, in their particular technological and socioeconomic conditions, developing country Members adopt certain technical regulations, standards or conformity assessment procedures aimed at preserving indigenous technology and production methods and processes patible with their development needs. Members therefore recognize that developing country Members should not be expected to use international standards as a basis for their technical regulations or standards, including test methods, which are not appropriate to their development, financial and trade needs.” “成 員 國 認識 到,盡管國 際標 準、指南或建 議 可能存在于它 們 特定的技 術 和社會 經(jīng)濟環(huán) 境,發(fā) 展中國家采用某些技 術 法 規(guī) 、標 準或合格 評 定程序旨在 維護 本國的與其 發(fā) 展需求相一致的技 術 、生 產(chǎn) 方法和流程。所以,成 員們認識 到: 我 們 不 應該 期望 發(fā) 展中國家成 員 使用國 際標 準 作 為 本國的技 術 法 規(guī) 或 標 準,包括 測試 方法,因 為這 些法 規(guī) 或 標 準不適合它 們 的 發(fā) 展、財務 和 貿(mào) 易需要。 ” Article of the TBT Agreement TBT協(xié)議 第 別 待遇 (Special and Differential Treatment) = ≈ 13/02/2023 45 use ! 使用! () explain / presumption 解 釋 /假定 () Participation 參加 () = ≈ Three issues 三個 問題 13/02/2023 46 Technica