【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 – Electric motors: Mostly, standard motors are used as industrial drives in India, Thailand, Pakistan, Vietnam, Indonesia and Sri Lanka. They are also used for agricultural water pumping in India. The efficiency of these motors is, however 3 to 7% less than that of energy efficient motors. IGESURC Workshop in Asia, 24th – 26th March, 2023AITWhat environmental Benefits from improved energy efficiency in the power sector?Country Planning PeriodCO2 (106 tons)Emission reductionSO2 (103 tons)Emission reductionNOx (103 tons)Emission reductionNREB, India 202317 538 1,744 965Pakistan 202314 92 206. 313Sri Lanka 202317 22 48 32Thailand 202317 62 651 134Vietnam 202317 115 123 391Source: Shrestha and Bhattacharya (1998) and Shrestha and Bhattacharya (2023)IGESURC Workshop in Asia, 24th – 26th March, 2023AITMarginal Abatement Cost (MAC) of Selected Cleaner Thermal CDM Projects in Selected Asian CountriesWide variations in MAC for CTTs:l IGCC: 12 $/tonne (Thailand) to 83 $/tonne of CO2(Sri Lanka) l PFBC: 100 $/tonne (Thailand) to 115 $/tonne CO2 (Sri Lanka)l CCLNG: 31 $/tonne CO2 (Sri Lanka)Source: ARRPEEC (2023)IGESURC Workshop in Asia, 24th – 26th March, 2023AITIncremental cost of CO2 Abatement ($/ton CO2) in Thailand during 2023 – 2030 ? The average incremental cost of CO2 abatement (IAC) would increase from $28 per ton of CO2 in ER5 case to $111 per ton of CO2 in ER15 case.? At IAC of 28 $/tCO2, about 142 million tons of CO2 could be mitigated (cumulative) during 20232030. ? At IAC of $46/ tCO2 and $111/tCO2, 468 and 978 million tons of CO2 (cumulative) could be reduced respectively. IGESURC Workshop in Asia, 24th – 26th March, 2023AITMarginal Abatement Cost (MAC) of Selected Renewable CDM Projects in Selected Asian CountriesIn a study of selected RETs based CDM projects in Yunnan China, NREBIndia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Viet nam by ARRPEEC (2023) wide variations in MAC are observed:lSolar PV: 12 $/tonne to 364 $/tonne of CO2 lWind:11 $/tonne to 36 $/tonne of CO2 lGeothermal: 5 $/tonne to 73 $/tonne of CO2 lBIGCC: 3 $/tonne to 94 $/tonne of CO2 lMiniHydro: $/tonne of CO2 (Thailand)Limited prospect under presently relatively low CER price.IGESURC Workshop in Asia, 24th – 26th March, 2023AITEnergy efficiency gap in steel makingEfficiency gap between Asian developing countries and Japan toe/tonIGESURC Workshop in Asia, 24th – 26th March, 2023AITEnergy efficiency gap in cement productionSource: ?Emissions reduction of Million tonne of CO2 in India and 260 million tonne of CO2 in China if both countries can achieve best practice efficiencyIGESURC Workshop in Asia, 24th – 26th March, 2023AITPotential for Cogeneration in ASEANIGESURC Workshop in Asia, 24th – 26th March, 2023AITSugar industries: Fuel availability and cogeneration potentialCountry Sugar cane production (1,000 tonnes)Bagasseproduction (1,000 tonnes)Max. Power Generation Potential (GWh/year)Indonesia 31,000 8,990 2,997Philippines 21,000 6,090 2,030Thailand 54,000 15,660 5,220Vietnam 12,000 3,480 1,160Total 118,000 34,220 11,407Bagasse = Sugar cane * 。 1 kWh = 3 kg of bagasse (including steam for process)IGESURC Workshop in Asia, 24th – 26th March, 2023AITPalm oil industries: Fuel availability and cogeneration potentialCountry FFB production (1,000 tonnes)Residue production(1,000 tonnes) Generation Potential (GWh/year)Indonesia 25,000 10,500 4,200Malaysia 42,000 17,640 7,056Philippines 300 126 50Thailand 2,300 966 386Total 69,600 29,232 11,693Residue = Fresh Fruit Bunch * 。 1 kWh = kg of residues (including steam for process)IGESURC Workshop in Asia, 24th – 26th March, 2023AITRice industries:Fuel availability and cogeneration potentialCountry Paddy production (1,000 tonnes)Rice husk production(1,000 tonnes)Max. Power Generation Potential (GWh/year)Indonesia 51,000 11,220 7,480Malaysia 2,000 440 293Philippines 11,000 2,420 1,613Thailand 22,000 4,840 3,227Vietnam 28,000 6,160 4,107Total 114,000 25,080 16,720Rice husk = Paddy * 。 1 kWh = kg of rice husk (including steam for process)IGESURC Workshop in Asia, 24th – 26th March, 2023AITFinal Remarksl Energy efficiency gaps and high dependence on fossil fuel present challenges as well as opportunity: CDM as vehicle for Sustainable Developmentl Not all energy efficient and renewable technologies necessarily meet the economic criterion for CDM projects. l Economic viability also depends upon the market for Certified Emission Reductions (CERs). Presently, demand for CER is low hence the low price for CER (2 to 3 $/t CO2).l Several energy efficient technologies (EET) and RET projects may appear economically unattractive as CDM projects at present due to low market demand and price for CER. l However if countries like . and Russia are to ratify the Kyoto protocol, market for CDM will grow significantly, resulting in higher CER prices and more CDM projects would than be economically attractive. IGESURC Workshop in Asia, 24th – 26th March, 2023AIT IGESURC Workshop in Asia, 24th – 26th March, 2023AITl Incremental CO2 abatement cost for a CDM project can vary across countries. l Regional level energy development may offer larger potential for CDM projects in South Asia. l Careful cost benefit analysis of potential projects necessaryl Capacity building is essential for CDM project preparation