【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa161。175。s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union。 now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America161。175。s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of publicsector workers but only about 15% of privatesector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the publicsector unions161。175。 thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and welleducated. A quarter of America161。175。s publicsector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate leftofcentre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain161。175。s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from publicsector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state161。175。s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers161。175。 unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains e in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly 161。176。backloaded161。177。 publicsector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawnout battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers161。175。 unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has bee clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard161。175。s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American publicsector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers161。175。 fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a publicsector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their publicsector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Publicsector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for publicsector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against publicsector unions.[D]Publicsector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the ine in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people161。175。s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to publicsector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue161。175。s attitude towards the publicsector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 4145, choose the most suitable one from the list AG to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.163。168。10 points163。169。Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brownpaper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream e true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked puter is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The puter is the 21st century39。s culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the puter, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong mercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked puters to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods paintings, sculpture and architecture and superfluous experiences music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group menting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a oneway tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of stickiness creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to bine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked puter has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading between passive consumption and active creation whose oute will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the puter mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format