【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 ences which have some likelihood of being justified, if some subsequent information does not fit in with these inference, we abandon it and form another. Features of context ? Consider two invented scenarios in which an identical utterance is produced by two distinct speakers. ? (a)I do think Adam?s quick. (P36) ? (b)I do think Adam?s quick. (P36) ? (a) speaker: a young mother, hearer: her motherinlaw ? place: park, by a duckpond, time: sunny afternoon in ? September 1962. They are watching the young mother39。 ? twoyearold son chasing ducks and the motherinlaw ? has just remarked that her son, the child39。s father, wa ? rather backward at this age. The young mother says: ? I do think Adam39。s quick ? (b) speaker: a student, hearers: a set of students, placesitting round a coffee table in the refectory, time: evening in March 1980. John, one of the group, has just told a joke. Everyone laughs except Adam. Then Adam laughsOne of the students says: ? I do think Adam39。s quick ? Context: any background knowledge which is assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer and which contributes to the hearer?s interpretation of what the speaker means by a given utterance. Discourse analysis is the study of language in context. ? Discourse analysts studies both the language and the context. Speaker/ writer Hearer/ reader Discourse analysis Context Models to describe context ? Ethnolinguistic model(Ethnolinguistics) ? Functional linguistic model(Systemic Functional Grammar) Ethnolinguistic model(Ethnolinguistics) ? Dell Hymes was born in 1927 in Portland. In 1950, he graduated from Reed College and earned his . five years later from Indiana University. After obtaining his doctorate, he taught at Harvard University (195560) and the University of California at Berkeley (196065). In 1975 became Dean of the Graduate School of Education. As the author of several books related to anthropology, his most notable books include Language in Culture and Society: A Reader in Linguistics and Anthropology (1964) and Reinventing Anthropology (1972). ? He specifies the features of context as follows: ? Addressor: the speaker or writer who produces the utterance. ? Adderssee: is the hearer or reader who is the recipient of the utterance. ? Topic: What is being talked about ? Setting:Where the event is situated in place and time, and the physical ralations of the interactants with respect to posture and guesture and facial expression ? Channel:how is contact between the participants in the event being maintained – by speech, writing, signing, smoke signals. ? Code:what language, or dialect, or style of language is being used. ? Messageform: what form is intended – chat, debate, sermon, fairlytale, son, loveletter,ect ? Event:the nature of the municative event within which a genre may be embedded – thus a sermon or prayer may be part of the larger event, a church service ? Key: which involves evaluation – was it a good sermon, a pathetic explanation, ect ? Purpose: what did the participants intend should e about as a result of the municative event Philosopher Lewis? description ? His interests lie, not with these general features of municative event, but with those particular coordinates which constitutes ?a package of relevant factors, an index?(1972:173) and which characterizes the context against which the truth of a sentence is to be judged. The coordinates of the index are as follows: ? Possibleworld coordinate:this is to account for states of affairs which might be, or could be supposed to be or are ? Time coordinate:to account for tensed sentense and adverbial like today or next week ? Place coordinate:to account for sentenses like here it is ? Speaker coordinate:to account for sentenses which include first person reference (I, me, we, our, ect) ? Audience coordinate:to account for sentences including you, yours, yourself, etc ? Indicated object coordinate: to account for sentences containing demonstrative phrases like this,those, ect ? Previous discourse coordinate:to account for sentences including phrases like the latter, the aforementioned, ect ? Assignment coordinate: an infinite series of things (sets of things,