【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 read read read 15 sing sang sung work worked worked 以下的句子都是用了現(xiàn)在完成式： I have read this book. I have seen the movie. I have lived here since 1973. I have studied English for a long time. He has washed his hands. He has left. He has already pleted the report. The storm has arrived. I have taken the job. I have written the letters. I have not seen him since 1975. I have never seen this man before. 什么情況之下要用現(xiàn)在完成式呢？ 1. 首先假設(shè)我們有一件事，發(fā)生在過(guò)去，而一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，就要用現(xiàn)在完成式，這種句子后面常有 since 或 for。以下是這種情形的例子： （1）自從 1963 年，我一直在念英文。I have studied English since 1963. （2）自從 1975 年以后，我就住在這里。I have lived here since 1975. （3）自從我是一個(gè)小孩子，我就喜歡搖滾樂(lè)。I have loved rock and roll music since I was a child. （4）自從去年，我就從來(lái)沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)他。Since last year, I have never seen him. （5）自從 1950 年以后，他就一直在此工作。He has worked here since 1950. （6）我認(rèn)識(shí)他已經(jīng)很久了。I have known him for a long time. （7）他練習(xí)網(wǎng)球已經(jīng)四年了。He has already practiced tennis for （the past） four years. （8）我穿這件夾克很久了。I have worn this jacket for a very long time. 16 （9）我開(kāi)這輛汽車很久了。I have driven this car for a long time. （10）好久沒(méi)有下雨了。It has not rained for a long time. 2. 使用現(xiàn)在完成式的另一情況是強(qiáng)調(diào)已經(jīng)完成的事，比方說(shuō)，你說(shuō)〝我已經(jīng)寫(xiě)了那封信〞，就可以用現(xiàn)在完成式，或者，你說(shuō)〝他已經(jīng)完成了工作〞。以下是這類的例子： （1）我已經(jīng)寫(xiě)了這封信。I have already written the letter. （2）他已經(jīng)完成了工作。He has already pleted the work. （3）我已經(jīng)測(cè)試了這個(gè)程序。I have already tested the program. （4）我已經(jīng)收到了你的信。I have already received your letter. （5）他已搬到了一個(gè)較大的房子。He has already moved to a bigger house. （6）雖然他很年輕，但他已寫(xiě)了三本小說(shuō)。Although he is young, he has already written three novels. （7）我打了二次電話給他，他都沒(méi)有回答。I called him twice, he has never answered. 3. 現(xiàn)在完成式用來(lái)表示一種經(jīng)驗(yàn)，舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，〝我曾經(jīng)到過(guò)美國(guó)〞、〝我曾見(jiàn)過(guò)李總統(tǒng)〞、〝我有生以來(lái)沒(méi)有跳過(guò)舞〞，這些都應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成式，例如： （1）我曾經(jīng)到過(guò)美國(guó)。I have been to America. （2）我曾見(jiàn)過(guò)李總統(tǒng)。I have seen President Lee. （3）我有生以來(lái)沒(méi)有跳過(guò)舞。I have never danced in my life. （4）我看過(guò)〝雙城記〞。I have read The Tale of Two Cities. （5）他曾吃過(guò)這種冰淇淋。He has tasted this kind of ice cream. （6）我未曾見(jiàn)過(guò)雪。I have never seen snow. 17 （7）你曾見(jiàn)過(guò)雪嗎？Have you ever seen snow? （8）你登過(guò)玉山嗎？Have you ever climbed Jade Mountain？ 4. 現(xiàn)在完成式可以用來(lái)表示一件過(guò)去常發(fā)生的事： （1）今年我國(guó)已有二次臺(tái)風(fēng)。We have already had two typhoons so far this year. （2）他今年已發(fā)表了三篇論文。He has already published three papers this year. （3）過(guò)去一年，我看了三次〝鐵達(dá)尼號(hào)〞。In the past year, I have seen The Titanic three times. 對(duì)讀者而言，最重要的是〝現(xiàn)在完成式〞和〝過(guò)去式〞不同究竟在那里？最重要的不同在于，一旦在句子中講一件過(guò)去發(fā)生的事，而且指定特定的時(shí)間，就一定要用〝過(guò)去式〞，而不能用〝現(xiàn)在完成式〞。比方說(shuō)，〝我曾經(jīng)看過(guò)「鐵達(dá)尼號(hào)」〞，可以用現(xiàn)在完成式，因?yàn)檫@句話沒(méi)有指明任何特定的時(shí)間，假如說(shuō)，〝我昨天晚上去看「鐵達(dá)尼號(hào)」〞，就一定用過(guò)去式，讀者不妨看看以下的比較： （a）I went to America last year.I have been to America. （b）I saw The Titanic last year.I have seen The Titanic twice. （c）I finished my homework late last night.I have finally finished my homework. （d）I studied English when I was a small child.I have studied English since I was a child. （e）I went to church yesterday.I have never been to church. 以下的句子是錯(cuò)的，請(qǐng)?zhí)貏e注意： *（1）I have seen the movie last year. *（2）I have never been to America last year. *（3）He has never finished his work last night. 現(xiàn)在完成式常和 since、for 、already、never 、ever 等字一起使用，以下都是這類的例子： （1）I have already had dinner. （2）Since this summer began, we have already had two storms. （3）It has not rained for a long time. （4）I have never talked to this man before. （5）I have never met your father. （6）Have you ever been to America? 18 （7）He has already won three awards. （8）I have stayed here since June. Never 和 ever 也常是我們弄不清楚如何使用的字，一般說(shuō)來(lái)， never 有否定的意思，ever 則只有在問(wèn)句中才會(huì)出現(xiàn)。 【練習(xí)十一】 將以下句子譯成英文，全部用現(xiàn)在完成式： 1980 年，我就每天早上游泳。 。 。 ，他就是一個(gè)基督徒（Christian）。 。 。 。 ，他都沒(méi)有回。 。 1975 年以來(lái)，他一直是一位老師。 。 （Gone with the Wind）。 。 。 。 【練習(xí)十二】 將以下句子譯成英文，有的用過(guò)去式，有的用現(xiàn)在完成式 〝亂世佳人〞（Gone with the Wind）。 〝亂世佳人〞。 ，我住在美國(guó)。 1985 年，我就一直住在美國(guó)。 。 。 。 ，我見(jiàn)到了你的父親。 。 。 【練習(xí)十三】 填充 1. I ________（bee） a Christian when I was a child. 2. I ________（be ） a Christian all my life. 19 3. He ________（live ） here since 1939. 4. Stop eating now. You ________（eat） too much. 5. It ________（rain） last night. 6. John is a writer. He ________（written） thirteen novels. 7. Last night, I ________（see ） your father for the first time in my life. 8. I ________（talk ） to my father last night. 9. Since 1961, I ________（be ） a teacher. Before that, I ________（be ） a student. 10. I ________（read ） many novels written by Charles Dickens. 4167。2 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式（Present Perfect Progressive Tense） 在上一節(jié)，我們知道，如果有一個(gè)行動(dòng)，從過(guò)去發(fā)生后，就一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，我們可以用現(xiàn)在完成式。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，以下的例子都應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成式： （1）自從 1974 年，我就在學(xué)校學(xué)英文。Since 1974, I have studied English at school. （2）自從我大學(xué)畢業(yè)以后，我就在這里工作。Since I graduated from college, I have worked here. 以第一句話為例，假如我們要強(qiáng)調(diào)我一直在練習(xí)游泳，而且沒(méi)有間斷，我們可以用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式（present perfect progressive tense）。所謂現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式，形式：verb to have + been + present participle verb to have 是為了完成式，been 和 present participle 都是為了進(jìn)行式。 以下是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式的例子： I have been studying English since 1974. I have been working here since I graduated from college. I have been living here since I was a child. He has been acting like a fool lately.（他最近一直在做傻事） They have been dancing since seven o’clock. It has been snowing since yesterday. I have been taking music lessons since last year. He has been drinking heavily since last year.（他去年起，就一直在酗酒） 【練習(xí)十四】 將以下的句子譯成英文，全部用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式： 1. 自從我們是小孩子起，我們就一直努力工作。 2. 從去年起，他就在念英文。 3. 從昨天起，就一直在下雨。 4. 從五時(shí)起，他就在做功課（do homework ）。 20 5. 從三歲起，我就一直住在臺(tái)中。 4167。3 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行式（Past Perfect Progressive Tense） 過(guò)去完成式的形式：had + past participle 過(guò)去完成式是不能單獨(dú)用的。我們用的時(shí)候，必須有另一個(gè)事件。也就是說(shuō)，假如我們有兩件事 A 和 B，兩件事都發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但 A 發(fā)生在 B 以前，A 應(yīng)該用過(guò)去完成式，B 則用過(guò)去式。以下是幾個(gè)例子： （1）他到臺(tái)灣以前，曾學(xué)過(guò)中文。He had studied Chinese before he came to Taiwan. （2）他念大學(xué)以前，曾前工作過(guò)。He had worked before he decided to go to college. （3）我寫(xiě)這篇有關(guān)愛(ài)爾蘭的小說(shuō)以前，曾去過(guò)愛(ài)爾蘭。I had been to Ireland before I wrote this book about Ireland39。s people. （4）我在上大學(xué)以前，已經(jīng)學(xué)過(guò)微積分。I had studied calculus before I got into college. （5）周一以前，已經(jīng)下過(guò)雪了。It had alread