【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 episode were much lower than in the earlier episode. ? This contrast suggests that excess deaths may have been more closely associated with particulate than with sulfur dioxide in air pollution. ? The putative agent, sulfuric acid, would be expected to be present in the particulate fraction of the pollutant mixture. (joint effect) The following list summarize some of the major characteristics of Coal bustion smog incident 1. Stagnant air produced by meteorological condition (low wind speed and temperature inversion) and landform (basin). 2. The highest conc. of pollutant occurred during the winter months (cold condition). 3. As conc. of smoke , SO2, part., and other pollutants increaseinducedcoughing, eye irritation , and sickness increase. 4. Deaths increase as pollutant levels reach peaks. 5. Deaths and illness occur in all age group. 6. Excess deaths increase with increase age. 7. Deaths are generally caused by respiratory or heart problems 8. The various impacts on health are rapid and are belong to bined effect of several pollutants. 9. The episode lasts 27 days. Photochemical smog incident ? Definition: Nitrogen oxides from motor vehicle exhaust gas and hydrocarbons from industry process emission are converted to ozone and other photochemical species form light blue smog through photochemical reaction under sunlight ultraviolet ray. ? Los Angeles photochemical smog incident : The first time of this phenomena was occurred in Los angles (1943). ?Pollutant: nitrogen oxides + hydrocarbons ?Photochemical reaction Los Angeles photochemical smog incident Graph of photochemical reaction 10% Over 85% SO2SO3 H2SO4 Characteristics of photochemical smog incident ?The principal source of NOx is motor vehicle exhaust. Power plants and fossil fuelburning industries may contribute. ?The meteorological condition: hightemperature and intensive ultraviolet ray. ? Second pollutants. ?Elevated conc. of ozone are most often observed in summer, when sunlight is most intense and temperature highest, conditions that increase the rate of photochemical smog formation. ?Lowest in the morning hours, accumulating through midday, and decrease rapidly after sunset. Smog incident ?Coal smog incident: Physical: primary pollutants London smog incident ?Photochemical smog incident: Chemical: secondary pollutants Los Angeles photochemical smog incident 煤煙型煙霧事件與光化學(xué)型煙霧事件發(fā)生條件的比較 煤煙型煙霧事件 光化學(xué)型煙霧事件 污染來源 煤和石油制品燃燒 石油制品燃燒 主要污染物 顆粒物、 SO硫酸霧 HCs、 NOX、 O SO CO、 PANs 發(fā)生季節(jié) 冬季 夏秋季 發(fā)生時間 氣象條件 逆溫類型 地理條件 癥狀 易感人群 早晨 氣溫低 (1℃ ～ 4℃ )、氣壓高、風(fēng)速很低、濕度 85%以上、有霧 輻射逆溫 河谷或盆地易發(fā)生 咳嗽、喉痛、胸痛、呼吸困難，伴有 惡心、嘔吐、發(fā)紺等，死亡原因多為支氣管炎、肺炎和心臟病。 老年人、嬰幼兒以及心、肺疾病患者 中午或午后 氣溫高 (24℃ ～ 33℃ )、風(fēng)速很低、濕度 70%以下、天氣晴朗、紫外線強烈 下沉逆溫 南北緯度 60186。以下地區(qū)易發(fā)生 眼睛紅腫流淚、咽喉痛、咳嗽、喘息、呼吸困難、頭痛、胸痛、疲勞感和皮膚潮紅等，嚴(yán)重者可出現(xiàn)心肺功能障礙或衰竭 心、肺疾病患者 (二 ) chronic harm 1. Caused inflammation by longterm irritation: (1) COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, including chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, and emphysema (2) the morbidity and mortality is higherconjunctiva inflammation 2. Accelerate aging of the lung: air pollution is stronger than smoke in the lung damage 3. Cardiovascular disease: (1) lung disease can decrease pulmonary function and increase pulmonic pressure, caused pneumocardial disease (2) hemoglobin’s affinity for O2 decrease, oxygencarrying capacity, caused hypoxia, increase heart motion, caused penumocardial disease 空氣污染與居民眼結(jié)膜炎檢出率 三 明 鞍 山 沈 陽 平頂山 對照 重污染 輕污染 重污染 輕污染 嚴(yán)重污染 對照 污染 4. Decreased immunological function: (1) Immunological function decrease is a early index. (2) Various in different age populations. (3) Child is most susceptivity and sentitivity 5. Allergy: (1) Allergen exist in air including dust etc. (2) Some pollutants such as SO2, formaldehyde, petroleum product Effect of air pollution on immunological petence in children 地區(qū) 殺菌力指數(shù) 溶菌酶 (mg/L) 堿性磷酸酶活性 工業(yè)區(qū) 177。 25177。 177。 對照區(qū) 177。 177。 177。 (三 ) longterm effect 1. Chronic poisoning: metal, such as Pb, Cd, Cr, As, F, and Hg. 2. Carcinogenesis: (1) exist carcinogen, such as arsenic, benzo(a)pyrene (2) air pollution associated with morbidity and mortality from lung cancer. Indirect harm of air pollution on health Indirect harm of air pollution on health 1. The climate has been change: rachitis, cold effect, traffic incident Indirect harm of air pollution on health climate has been change: rachitis, cold effect , traffic incident effect: warm effect Express graph of greenhouse effect Greenhouse effect 1. Definition: 太陽發(fā)射的較短波長的輻射，可穿過地球外圍大氣層和其中所含的 CO2和水到達地表使地面加溫，而地面加溫后反射出來較長波長的輻射被地表大氣層中所含的CO2等 氣體吸收，不能全部返回太空，從而使地面氣溫轉(zhuǎn)暖，猶如溫室，因而稱為“ 溫室效應(yīng) ”。 大氣層中的某些氣體能吸收地表發(fā)射的熱輻射，使大氣增溫，從而對地球起到保溫作用，稱為溫室效應(yīng)。 2. Greenhouse gases: 貢獻率 CO2, CH4, N2O, O3, CFCs et