【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 s father can help.c. His father cannot help.(2) A: Your father must be very great. B: He is a lawyer. A: Does your father earn a lot of money B: He is a lawyer.2.(1) Both of them are implicit rather than stated by the actual meaning of the words.(2) An implicature can be part of sentence meaning or dependent on conversational context, and can be conventional or unconventional. But connotation is conventional and attached to words.(3) “Fox” can connote cunningness. When we say “he is a fox” in response to “what do you think of Jack?”, we indicate that Jack is cunning like a fox.3. (1) Yes, it implies that Jack has one and only one brother.(2) Entailments are true whenever the statement uttered is true, but different implicatures may be derived when the sentence is used in different contexts.No.Yes. For instance, Jack has a brother。 indeed, he has two.(3) A: Jack must be spoiled by his parents.B: Jack has a brother.4. (1) cancelability or defeasibility.(2) Yes. The words “not … yet” has the conventional implicature that something is possible after the given time.5. (1) Jack may refill his car in the garage.(2) Yes, the garage may be closed at the moment.(3) a. The sea foods are fresh. / Do buy the sea foods. b. You can win here. /Play here.6.(1) Hearer meaning is the hearer39。s understanding of the speaker39。s utterance.(2) A: Tom is quite clever in that aspect. B: I agree. He’s the cleverest person I’ve ever seen. A: But I don39。t mean he is really clever in that aspect.(3) a. Hearer39。s and speaker39。s background knowledge may be different. b. Their expectations, beliefs, and the like may be different.Exercises Task31.a. There is convention of usage in natural language.b. Today I declare you husband and wife.He is at sixs and sevens.2. A: Are you happy. B: Yes. A: Are you happy? B: Yes. Quite, quite. There are other possibilities. . Speakers mean less than what they say. A: Are you happy. B: Yes. I am the happiest person in the world.3. Saying does not necessarily amount to the same thing as meaning. By saying one thing a speaker might mean another thing entirely. There is a sense of saying on which you can39。t say anything without meaning something.4.A: She is a charming lady. I mean only when she smiles. By saying the first sentence, A may imply he is attracted by the lady, but by adding the second sentence he denies the implicature. 5. No. Yes. a. Jack: Let39。s go out drinking tonight. Jane: My grandma is ill. (But, my mother is ing)b. Jack: How did Philip and Pike do in the Olympics? Jane: Philip won a medal.Obviously, a has a particularized implicature and b has a generalized implicature. It is paratively easy to add a sentence to a to cancel the implicature, but in b it is difficult. Anyhow, we use other ways to achieve the same implicatures in a and b. What39。s more, particularized implicatures are more unconventional and they have greater indeterminacy.6.a. conventional (there39。s no need for context information) [One cannot use the door before 6 .] (“before”)b. Conventional [No free refills for nonsame visit] (“only”)7. [open]One may say no, though. Conversational implicature is context dependent. To some extent, it is arbitrary, because different people may get different implicatures even in the same context and different contexts may generate different implicatures as well.8. A. when people talking about boys39。 qualities. B. When people are talking about boys39。 ability to do mathematics.9.Conversational implicatures are sensitive to context and dependent on the observance of Cooperative Principle while flouting a particular maxim. People may arrive at different conversational implicature for the same utterance. The conclusions arrived at by syllogism are context free and people get the same conclusion be means of reasoningUnit 4[Check your understanding]1. f2. f 3. f 4. f 5. fInClass Activities1.(1) Both metaphors and irony go against the maxim of quality that requires the speaker to be truthful. A metaphor involves saying that one thing is another and an irony consists in the expression of one39。s meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite. (2) Understatement (“It’s not too bad”) is a form of speech in which a lesser expression is used than what would be expected。 hyperbole (“Haven’t seen you for ages”) is a figure of speech in which statements are exaggerated. Their use runs counter to the maxim of quantity as well as that of quality.2.(1) Yes, the maxim of manner is exploited. Mr. Bennet implicates that he will let his wife tell him who has taken the house. Also, the maxim of quantity is violated when Ms. Bennet responds to her husband’s question “Is he married or single?”(2) By saying I have no objection to hearing it, Mr. Bennet means that his wife has the freedom to supply the information in front of him, which in turn means he agrees to listen to his wife although he is not enthusiastic about it.(3) The author implies that Mrs. Bennet is very enthusiastic to tell other people things even at a small hint of agreement.3.(1) One may be only superficially relevant in terms of the literal meaning。 one can also be interactionally relevant in terms of the illocutionary goal.(2) Yes, it may run into similar trouble. It is difficult to define be brief, obscurity of expression, and be orderly. Brevity and orderliness are matters of degree.4.(1) a. quality b. quantity c. relation d. manner(2) Quality .: I am not so sure, but... C: 事情可能是這樣的。 Quantity It’s going to be a long story. 說來話長。Relation By the way, … 順便說一句，……Manner To put it differently, ... 不妨換個說法，……5.(1) The Maxim of Quality is moral in nature, while the