【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 ing situations or events and should be followed by parallel structures.”（例外：Over 75 percent of the energy produced in France derives from nuclear power, whereas nuclear power accounts for just over 33 percent of the energy produced in Germany.），但是如果whereas后面接介詞短語要求位子上的平行，那么主句的開頭也必須需要是介詞短語(whereas后出現(xiàn)介詞短語或者狀語都會(huì)非常對稱)，如果whereas后接單純主謂賓（或主系表），主句也要盡量這個(gè)歸納是有例外的用單純的主謂賓（或主系表）來對應(yīng)Subordinate Clause1. When：除了表示具體的時(shí)間外，還有一種成立的條件的感覺，如果說when X Y，則X發(fā)生的時(shí)候，Y一定為真，強(qiáng)調(diào)了發(fā)生的狀況，需要注意句子是否有這個(gè)意思。（eg：when you look closely at the house，it’s on fire。是錯(cuò)的，他等于the house isn’t on fire unless you look closely。但是另一個(gè)句子：when you look closely at him，the ant runs away。是對的，因?yàn)槭悄憧拷斐闪薬nt runs away。）2）一說是when發(fā)生的時(shí)候，從句可以發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前，而且when不能表示伴隨，表伴隨用AS。2. Which：1）修飾其前的名詞或名詞+prep（如果是n+prep以外的修飾詞都是不可以用which指代的Eg：I took pictures in1995， which are。 這里which如果修飾picture in 1995，感覺是說1995年的pictures才有這個(gè)特點(diǎn)，是說不通的，所以不對?！@是特例，不是說which不能跳過in prep短語指代，還是要通過語意和單復(fù)數(shù)判斷。但一般來說，which遵守39。right next to the ma39。的規(guī)則，除非五個(gè)選項(xiàng)都是N+PREP，則可以不追究這個(gè)事情。），當(dāng)然不能代指前面一整句話，不過in which case就可以，屬于固定搭配；2）如果which單獨(dú)使用必須用逗號(hào)，如果是與介詞一起使用則逗號(hào)可以省略；3）which不能跳過用兩個(gè)逗號(hào)隔開的句子修飾前面的名詞；4）the gmat tends to write sentences in which which stands for the ELIGIBLE noun that39。s closest to the ma. by eligible, i mean that the noun has to AGREE IN TERMS OF SINGULAR/PLURAL with the FOLLOWING VERB.；4）注意which肯定是不能指人的，因此an overwhelming proportion of women work, many of which are in middle management and light ，which的指代是錯(cuò)誤的。3. While：1）表示同時(shí)，此時(shí)與at the same time是重復(fù)的（while driving home， I listened to the music）；2）表達(dá)相反的意思，此時(shí)與at the same time不重復(fù)，不過此時(shí)也有同時(shí)發(fā)生的含義在，所以如果是while then就會(huì)有矛盾而不對。（while most of us like dogs，he hates it。）4. 狀語從句的省略：1) 正確形式: 表示時(shí)間/條件/轉(zhuǎn)折/讓步的連詞(when/while/if/unless/although/even though/even if) + 形容詞短語/ing短語/ed短語 *：(邏輯主語等于句子主語) (所以when a child/ when children是錯(cuò)的； if + )；2）錯(cuò)誤形式: 表示時(shí)間/條件/轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞 + 介詞短語/名詞短語 (although just inside the orbit of Jupiter是錯(cuò)的)；3）省略的只能是邏輯主語和BE；4) 特殊情況:once可以加介詞短語/名詞短語。 whatever可以加名詞短語5. Where：Where必須代指一個(gè)特定的地點(diǎn)，這個(gè)地點(diǎn)要是有意義的；而in which則代表有比喻意義的如situation，condition，case，circumstance，arrangement。——prep中有正確答案是非特定地點(diǎn)是用where指代，因此where作為排除點(diǎn)要慎用；不過OG是這樣說的：“Where is a nonstandard way to refer to a noun that does not name a location.”Meaning1. Except a report loss：這個(gè)report很大可能是別人做的；except to report a loss：這個(gè)report是自己做的。2. * if you say subject + clause + BY VERBing, then by VERBing must explain HOW the main clause ：i prepared for the test by reviewing takeaways on the MGMAT 。3. 定語從句與VING的區(qū)別：1）定語從句強(qiáng)調(diào)具體動(dòng)作、具體時(shí)間以及動(dòng)作的一次性；而VING則表示籠統(tǒng)、抽象、多次性的行為；2）含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或需要用完成時(shí)態(tài)是，使用定語從句而非VING；4. OF與THAT：1）a of b +修飾b的詞，這里表達(dá)了a是某一類型的b的意思；而如果用that，a that b+修飾b的詞，表達(dá)了b+ 修飾b的詞是用來解釋a的，b的那一部分僅是a的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)；2）兩者重心不同，of的重心是一個(gè)詞，that的重心是一件事，要分清句子意思要說明的是什么，Eg：the fact of在GMAT中從未成為過正確選項(xiàng)，必須用that引導(dǎo)同位語從句修飾fact，因?yàn)閛f不足以說明that的過程。5. VINGThey are personalized，conveying the direct involvement of the subject。和VERBAL NOUN(ACTION NOUN)They are general ideas/notions. 的區(qū)別：I dedicated my career to the exposure of injustice。使用了N，沒有表達(dá)主語直接參與的意思，因此可以理解為可能把錢都捐出去了之類的；I dedicated my career to exposing injustice。使用VING的形式，表示主語直接參與其中。6. TO DO和FOR DOING: for doing是指某事物的具體用途，而to do 則有目的的意思，但用途和目的本來就有交叉的地方，所以沒有絕對規(guī)則，for doing有持久性的趨勢，而to do往往是一次性行為Eg：a plan TO DO X means that people now have the intention of doing X, whereas before they did not。 （=purpose）a plan FOR DOING X means a plan for how to actually execute this action。 usually, this construction implies that the intention was already there, but that the plan of execution is new.TO DO和DOING：* to serve implies a sense of purpose or intention, and * serving implies that the systems were already serving boston at the time when they were being constructed.7. Increase in X 和 increasing X的區(qū)別：重點(diǎn)不一樣，eg：political situations in the middle east have caused an increase in gas price；political situations in the middle east have caused increasing gas price。前者是對的。We suffer from the increasing oil price；we suffer from an increase in oil price。前者正確，讓我們suffer的是增長的油價(jià)。8. by someone修飾的動(dòng)詞，所以不能receive support by labor9. 如果本來那個(gè)詞有active n，則不能用VING形式表達(dá)名詞的意思，這個(gè)選項(xiàng)可以排除。10. 有沒有there be的區(qū)別：humans walk on two legs. meaning: all humans (or at least all normal humans) walk on two legs.；然而there are humans that walk on two legs. there are at least some.11. According to：這個(gè)后面不能加客觀事實(shí)，而是說明一個(gè)依據(jù)。這個(gè)短語強(qiáng)調(diào)the basis for doing something, or for believing something。2）而In accordance with不同, This expression emphasises the rule, principle, law etc, which is followed, and which states what should happen.12. In order to和to: IN ORDER TO specifies the GOAL or PURPOSE of an action.（eg：i took four days to finish the project – correct； i took four days in order to finish the project – incorrect； i took four days off work in order to finish the project correct）；in order to do是目的狀語，不能做為名次成分，因此即使TO DO可以做主語，IN ORDER TO也不可以。13. WITH和BY：1）BY表示使用某種方法，WITH表示使用某種有形工具；2）with表示行為動(dòng)作的工具，后面的名詞一般要有冠詞；by表示動(dòng)作的手段，后面的名詞一律不用冠詞。14. 關(guān)于THAT從句做主語：it39。s perfectly fine to use that + clause as the subject of a sentence, provided that you are trying to refer to some fact as an abstraction, rather than to an actual