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頻率,而較大值的二階主頻率,較接近主要由輪胎剛度和非簧載質(zhì)量所決定的頻率。方程的解是由自由振動齊次方程的解與非齊次方程特解之和組成。令,則齊次方程為 式中的稱為系統(tǒng)固有頻率,而阻尼對運動的影響取決于和的比值變化ζ,ζ稱為阻尼比 ,屬于小阻尼,此時微分方程的通解為 雙質(zhì)量系統(tǒng)在,質(zhì)量比剛度比,阻尼比兩種情況下的幅頻特性曲線。由四個參數(shù)可按下式確定車輪部分的固有頻率和阻尼比 (一階阻尼比) (二階阻尼比)2 車身加速度的幅頻特性曲線圖圖82雙質(zhì)量系統(tǒng),車輪部分的具體參數(shù)為 , ,共振時,增大而幅頻減小,在第一共振峰和第二共振峰之間的高頻區(qū),增大幅頻也增大,在高頻共振區(qū),雙質(zhì)量系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)第二共振峰,在之后,幅頻按一定斜率衰減,也減小,所以對共振與高頻段的效果相反,綜合考慮,取比較合適。車輪動載 ,頻率響應函數(shù) 將 代入上式,得: 式中 圖83的參數(shù)采用與圖82所示雙質(zhì)量系統(tǒng)同樣的參數(shù)。相對動載的幅頻特性曲線在低頻共振區(qū),與車身加速度的幅頻特性曲線趨勢不同,;在高頻共振區(qū), 阻尼比對相對動載的幅頻特性曲線的峰值影響很大;在之間的幅頻,阻尼比越大幅頻就越大;在之后,相對動載幅頻特性曲線按一定斜率衰減,越大幅頻衰減越快。綜合考慮,取比較合適。 圖83 相對動載的幅頻特性曲線圖圖84 限位行程的示意圖由圖74所示,由車身平衡位置起,懸架允許的最大壓縮行程就是其限位行程。彈簧動撓度與限位行程應適當配合,否則會增加行駛中撞擊限位的概率,使平順性變壞。頻率響應函數(shù)為 將 與 代入上式,得: 懸架系統(tǒng)對于車身位移來說,是將高頻輸入衰減的低通濾波器;對于動撓度來說,是將低頻輸入衰減的高通濾波器。阻尼比對只在共振區(qū)起作用,而且當時已不呈現(xiàn)峰值。且阻尼比與幅頻值成反比,如圖75所示。圖85 懸架動撓度的幅頻特性曲線圖通過分析,當阻尼比時,本懸架系統(tǒng)的平順性特性較好,符合ISO026311:1997 (E)標準。(1)懸架剛度彈性元件是汽車懸架的主要組成部分,彈性元件的剛度或懸架等效剛度及其特性是影響平順性的主要因素。當簧載質(zhì)量一定時,減小可降低車體固有振動頻率,但值過小會使車體振動過程中的懸架動行程增大,并使非簧載質(zhì)量的振動位移也增大,甚至導致車輪離開地面,對汽車操縱穩(wěn)定性產(chǎn)生不利后果。汽車在實際使用中,簧載質(zhì)量隨汽車的裝載情況而變,當值一定時,將隨減小而增大。因此,理想的懸架彈性特性應具有變剛度或非線性特性,即隨汽車載荷的變化,懸架剛度能自動增大或減小,以減小懸架限位塊碰撞車身的機率,使車體免遭撞擊。(2)懸架阻尼汽車懸架系統(tǒng)中裝有減振器。減振器阻尼對車體固有頻率的影響不大,但卻能使車體振動迅速衰減,改善車內(nèi)乘員的舒適感。研究表明,懸架阻尼的大小還對操縱穩(wěn)定性和制動方向穩(wěn)定性產(chǎn)生影響。(3) 輪胎輪胎徑向剛度與輪胎結(jié)構(gòu)、尺寸和氣壓有關(guān),若以與懸架剛度之比來表示,則可見,對于一定型號的輪胎,降低胎內(nèi)氣壓(即剛度減?。┛筛纳破巾樞?,但也將增加車輪的側(cè)向偏離,以惡化操縱穩(wěn)定性,應予以注意。(4) 非簧載質(zhì)量在整車質(zhì)量一定時,減小非簧載質(zhì)量可改善平順性。目前多數(shù)轎車采用獨立懸架結(jié)構(gòu),優(yōu)點之一可在一定總質(zhì)量下減小非簧載質(zhì)量,改善平順性。道路不平是引起汽車振動的主要原因,當汽車在不平路面行駛時,前、后車橋和車體都經(jīng)常受來自道路的沖擊。路面越惡劣,行駛速度越高,車體加速度均方根值越大。當激勵頻率與車輛系統(tǒng)的一階主頻率或二階主頻率重和時,將產(chǎn)生車體的共振,加速車體的振動。路面的激勵頻率由路面譜的頻率分量和車速決定,因此對應一定的路面必有某一引起車體共振的車速,行駛時應遠離共振車速。此外,汽車的技術(shù)狀況不正常,如減振器油液黏度過大或漏油及密封失效等故障,均將導致車體振動加劇、沖擊頻繁、平順性惡化。第9章 結(jié) 論。設(shè)計的基本步驟為根據(jù)給定車型的各項基本參數(shù)計算出懸架的剛度,靜撓度,動撓度,以及減振器的阻尼系數(shù),最大卸荷力,再經(jīng)過校核應力及平順性分析,運動學分析后選取適當尺寸進行裝配圖和零件圖的繪制。在基本形式的選取中選擇獨立式懸架,其特點為當一邊車論發(fā)生跳動時,另一邊車輪不受干擾,這樣提高了汽車的平穩(wěn)性和舒適性。并且現(xiàn)代轎車前后懸架大都采用了獨立懸架,并已成為一種發(fā)展趨勢。在平順性分析中,建立兩自由度的平順性分析模型,取值繪制影響平順性的特性曲線。最后針對汽車的操縱穩(wěn)定性,編寫車輪橫向運動和車輪外傾角分析程序,總結(jié)了影響汽車操縱穩(wěn)定性因素。這些工作使數(shù)據(jù)的選取更加適當,使所設(shè)計的汽車懸架系統(tǒng)的性能得到改善。有一定的實際應用意義。參考文獻[1] ,2001年6月[2] ,2001年[3] 陳家瑞主編.汽車構(gòu)造,人民交通出版社,2000年[4] . 北京:人民交通出版社,2001[5] . 北京:機械工程出版社,2002[6] :人民交通出版社,2004[7] :人民交通出版社,2002[8] :國防工業(yè)出版社,[9] ,[10] ,2002[11] ,[12] 整車 底盤卷(,).長春汽車研究所,[13] ,[14] ,[15] ,1999,11[16] Yu F., Crolla ., A State Observer Design for an AdaptiveVehicle Suspension, Vehicle Suspension Dynamic, 1998 [17] Geoferey & Suspension Engineering,London: Osprey Publishing Limited,1987致 謝本畢業(yè)設(shè)計是在導師XXX教授的指導下完成的。在本次設(shè)計過程中,我遇到過很多問題,每次遇到問題的時候我就去找老師,每次導師都是給我耐心的解答,從涉及到的每一個知識點一直講到我明白為止,從來沒有厭煩過。XXX導師治學嚴謹,在汽車方面的的知識和經(jīng)驗非常豐厚,他對我的悉心教導和對工作的負責態(tài)度令我非常感動。在本次設(shè)計中,導師非常關(guān)注我的設(shè)計工作,給我提出了很多寶貴的意見,也對我的設(shè)計給予了很大的支持,對我完成此次設(shè)計給予了非常大的幫助。因此,在此畢業(yè)設(shè)計即將完成之際,首先我要對我的導師表示衷心的感謝!對我們來講,雖然以前進行過一些簡單的機械方面的課程設(shè)計,但都是零件的設(shè)計,而這次進行的是汽車懸架設(shè)計,是一項艱難的任務,同時對我們也是一種考驗。其次,在設(shè)計過程中我還得到許多其他老師與同學的幫助,在此我也要對他們表示深深的謝意。附 錄Ⅰ Suspension systemsWhen people think of automobile performance, they normally think of horsepower, torque and zeroto60 acceleration. But all of the power generated by a piston engine is useless if the driver can39。t control the car. That39。s why automobile engineers turned their attention to the suspension system almost as soon as they had mastered the fourstroke internal bustion engine. Doublewishbone suspension on Honda Accord 2005 CoupeThe job of a car suspension is to maximize the friction between the tires and the road surface, to provide steering stability with good handling and to ensure the fort of the passengers. In this article, we39。ll explore how car suspensions work, how they39。ve evolved over the years and where the design of suspensions is headed in the future. If a road were perfectly flat, with no irregularities, suspensions wouldn39。t be necessary. But roads are far from flat. Even freshly paved highways have subtle imperfections that can interact with the wheels of a car. It39。s these imperfections that apply forces to the wheels. According to Newton39。s laws of motion, all forces have both magnitude and direction. A bump in the road causes the wheel to move up and down perpendicular to the road surface. The magnitude, of course, depends on whether the wheel is striking a giant bump or a tiny speck. Without an intervening structure, all of wheel39。s vertical energy is transferred to the frame, which moves in the same direction. In such a situation, the wheels can lose contact with the road pletely. Then, under the downward force of gravity, the wheels can slam back into the road surface. What you need is a system that will absorb the energy of the vertically accelerated wheel, allowing the frame and body to ride undisturbed while the wheels follow bumps in the road. A car39。s suspension, with its various ponents, provides all of the solutions described. Car Suspension PartsThe suspension of a car is actually part of the chassis, which prises all of the important systems located beneath the car39。s body. These systems include: The frame structural, loadcarrying ponent that supports the car39。s engine and body, which are in turn supported by the suspension The suspension system setup that supports weight, absorbs and dampens shock and helps maintain tire contact The steering system mechanism that enables the driver to guide and direct the vehicle The tires and wheels ponents that make vehicle motion possible by way of grip and/or friction with the road So the suspension is just one of the major systems in any vehicle. With this bigpicture overview