【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 ied for the Greek causes made him more respected his poem expressed an ardent love of liberty and a fierce hatred of tyranny Shelley noted for his lyrics Keats famous for his sons Walter Scott Romanticism in France Chateaubriand ： Victor Hugo： 法國浪漫主義文學(xué)的最重要的作家。他于 1827年發(fā)表的 Cromwell是法國浪漫主義運(yùn)動(dòng)的一篇重要宣言。他的長篇小說巴黎圣母院 悲慘世界宣揚(yáng)了 “愛 ”與 “仁慈 ”等人道主義精神。The greatest poet of his day Gee Sand：法國浪漫主義文學(xué)最杰出的女作家 Romanticism in Italy Manzoni： 約婚夫婦是意大利文學(xué)史上第一部以愛壓迫的勞動(dòng)人民為主人公的小說 Leopardi： he was the greatest poet of Italy Romanticism Romanticism in Russia Russia Romanticism began that wayadapting French plays and translating German and English poetry Pushkin： 俄國浪漫主義先鋒（ van） a Byronic character his masterpiece is 創(chuàng)造了俄國文學(xué)中的第一個(gè) “多余的人 ”的典型 Lermontov： draws a fine portrait of Pushkin Romanticism in Poland Adam Mickiewicz： beginning of Polish Romanticism is his masterpiece Art and Architecture Goya Spanish painter and etcher（蝕刻家）歐洲浪漫主義先驅(qū) Execution of the Third of May Children David French Painter Delacroix 代表著法國浪漫主義繪畫的最高成就 Gericault French painter Turner English landscape painter Constable English landscape painter Turner and Constable代表了浪漫主義畫派的最高成就 Music早期浪漫主義音樂家： Beethoven（貝多芬） German Composer marked the beginning of 19th century programme music Schubert（舒伯特） Austrian poser Chopin（肖邦） Polish poser Schumann（舒曼） German poser Mendelssohn（門德爾松） German poser 后期浪漫主義音樂家： Berlioz（伯遼茲） French poser Liszt（里斯特） Hungarian poser Wagner（瓦格納） German poser Brahms（伯拉姆斯） German poser Tchaikovsky（柴科夫斯基） Russian poser 8. 馬克思主義和達(dá)爾文主義 Marxism and Darwinism The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism German Classical Philosophy and Marxist Philosophy： Hegelian dialectics 黑格爾辯證法 Feuerbach?s materialism費(fèi)爾巴哈唯物論 Marxist Philosophy Dialectical materialism馬克思主義辯證唯物論 Historical materialism 馬克思主義歷史唯物論 English Classical Political Economy and Marxist Political Economy Capital is the most important work by Marx about Marxist economics Surplus value was the source of profit， the source of the wealth of the capitalist class Doctrine of surplus value in Capital is the cornerstone of Marx?s economic theory Utopian Socialism and Scientific Socialism Robert Owen： English industrialist and social reformer Henri de SaintSimon： French social philosopher Charles Fourier： French social philosopher Darwinism As Newton dominated 17th century science with the discovery of the laws governing the bodies of the universe， Charles Darwin dominated the 19th century science for his discovering of the laws governing the evolution of man himself. In the history of science he takes up a position as important as these occupied by Copernicus， Galileo and Newton. Darwin was not the first man to put forward the theory of evolution Lamarck was the first man whose conclusio n on the subject. However， he failed to produce any evidence， French naturalist（自然主義者） Lyell English geologist Karl Marx Darwin?s works and Theories： On the origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection， or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life The Descent of Man 9. 現(xiàn)實(shí)主義 Realism arise in the 50s of the 19th century and had its origin in France Realism in France Stendhal 司湯達(dá) 紅與黑是法國批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義第一部成熟的作品 巴馬修道院 Balzac巴爾扎克 Balzac has been called the French Dickens as Dickens has been called the English Balzac Flaubert 福樓拜 非常重視藝術(shù)形式 he is often called the first French realist包法利夫人 Zora 左拉 founder of the naturalist school魯貢瑪－馬卡爾家族史 Maupassant 莫伯桑 Realism in Russia Gogol果戈里 the first master of fiction in Russia Chickikov A character in Shame， and hypocrisy Turgenev屠格涅夫 the first Russian author to gain recognition in the West Dostoyevsky陀思妥耶夫斯基罪與罰卡拉馬佐夫兄弟 Leo Tolstoy列夫托爾斯泰 戰(zhàn)爭與和平安娜卡列尼娜 復(fù)活 Chekhov契訶夫海歐 萬尼亞舅舅 Sisters三姐妹 櫻桃園 Realism in Northern Europe Ibsen a plea for the emancipation of woman His p lays are viewed as the fountainhead of much modern drama Strindberg The above three are his autobiographical works His first play is Realism in England This period occurs at the latter half of the reign of Queen Victoria， 這時(shí)期意味著大英帝國的頂峰，但太平盛世只是外表，整個(gè)國家內(nèi)亂不斷， 危機(jī)重重 Charles Dickens 大衛(wèi)科波菲爾 荒涼山莊艱難時(shí)世 其小說展現(xiàn)了廣闊的社會(huì)生活，真實(shí)情節(jié)與詩意氣氛的結(jié)合，幽默、風(fēng)趣與悲劇的結(jié)合 Gee Eliot（ Mary Ann