【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 ead on the other side of the drawworks near the driller39。s position plays a part when drill pipe is made up.d. A mechanical cathead on the other side of the drawworks near the driller39。s position plays a part when drill pipe is broken out.3. The Blocks and Drilling LineA drilling line is made of wire rope that generally ranges from 1? To 1? inches in diameter. Wire rope is similar to mon fiber rope, but wire rope, as the name implies, is made out of steel wires and is a fairly plex device. It looks very much like what ordinary folks call cable but is designed especially for the heavy loads encountered on the rig.For wire rope to be useful as the drilling line, it has to be strung up, for it arrives at the rig wrapped on a large supply reel. So, the first step in stringing up the drilling line is to take the end of the line off the supply reel and raise the end up to the very top of the mast or derrick where a large, multiple pulley is installed. This large set of pulley is called the crown block. The pulleys are called sheaves (pronounced shivs ). The drilling line is reeved (threaded) over a crown block sheave and lowered down to the rig floor. On the rig floor rests (only temporarily for now) another very large set of pulleys or sheaves called the traveling block. The end of the line is reeved through one of the traveling block sheaves, and is raised again up to the crown block. There the line is reeved over a sheave in the crown block, lowered back down, reeved again through the traveling block, taken back up to the crown block, brought back down to the traveling block, and so on, until the correct number of lines has been strung up.The number of lines, of course, is only one。 but, since the drilling line is reeved several times over the crown block sheaves and through the traveling block sheaves, the effect is that of several lines. The number of lines strung depends on how much weight needs to be supported. For example, if a deep hole is going be drilled, more lines are strung (say, eight or ten) than would be strung for a shallower well. It takes more pipes and thus a heavier load to drill a deep hole than it does to drill a shallow hole.Once the last line has been strung over the crown block sheaves, the end of the line is lowered down to the rig floor and attached to the drum in the drawworks. Several wraps of line are then taken around the drawworks drum. The part of the drilling line running out of the drawworks up to the crown block is called the fastlinefast because it moves as the traveling block is raised or lowered in the derrick. The end of the line that runs from the crown block down to the wirerope supply reel is then secured. This part of the line is called the deadlinedead because, once it is secured, it does not move. Mounted in the rig substructure is a device called a deadline anchors. The deadline is firmly clamped to the anchor. Now the traveling block can be raised up off the rig floor and into the derrick by taking in line with the drawworks. To lower the traveling block, line is let out of the drawworks drum.Crown blocks and traveling blocks usually look smaller than they actually are because of the distance from which they are seen. The sheaves around which the drilling line passes are often 5 feet or more in diameter, and the pins on which the sheaves rotate may be 1 foot or so in diameter. The number of sheaves needed on the crown block is always one more than the number needed in the traveling block. For example, a tenline string requires six sheaves in the crown block and five in the traveling block. The extra sheave in the crown block is needed for reeving the deadline. Attachments to the traveling block include a large hook to which the equipment for suspending the drill string is attached.1. The diameter of a drilling line may not be _________.（c）a. 1? b. 1?c. 1? D. 1?2. _______ is put temporarily on the rig floor. （a）a. Traveling block b. Crown blockc. Mast d. Derrick3. If one drilling line is reeved 5 times over the crown block sheaves and through the traveling block sheaves, the effect of that of ______ lines. （b）a. 1 b. 5c. 10 d. 154. The part of the drilling line running out of the drawworks up to the crown block is called ________.（d）a. deadline b. cablec. wire rope d. fast line5. A tenline string requires _______ sheaves in the crown block and _______ in the traveling block. （c）a. 5…6 b. 5…5c. 6…5 d. 6…64. The BitDiamond bits function the same as drag bits, particularly in the fact that both weight and rotary speed are directly related to drilling speed. The diamonds must be kept clean and cool, this hydraulic effort is just as important for diamond bit performance as when using roller bits. Under some condition diamond bits can drill almost as fast as roller types. They will often stay in good condition times longer, thus hole cost foot will be less notwithstanding the higher price of the diamond bit. Analysis of performance using total cost per foot is important regardless of the type of bits employed.Roller cone, or rock, bits have coneshaped, steel devices called cones that are free to turn as the bit rotates. Most roller cone bits have three cones, although some have two and some have four. Bit manufacturers either cut teeth out of the cones or insert very hard tungsten carbide buttons into the cones. The teeth are responsible for actually cutting or gouging out the formation as the bit is rotated. All bits have passages drilled through them to permit drilling fluid to exit.Jet bits have nozzles that direct a high velocity stream or jet of drilling fluid to the sides and bottom of each cone, so that rock cuttings are swept out of the way as the bit drills.Diamond bits do not have cones。 nor do they have teeth. Instead several diamonds are embedded into the bottom and sides of the bit. Since diamonds are so hard, diamond bits are sometimes