【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 e:A mastodon carcass, thawed only once AND still fresh, is on display.Only a few feet wide BUT spanning a continent, the railroad changed history.178。 不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞在句尾的區(qū)別1） 不定式在句尾表示目的2） 現(xiàn)在分詞在句尾表示結(jié)果或伴隨Present Participle: Investors sold the stock rapidly, CAUSING panic.Infinitive: Investors sold the stock rapidly TO CAUSE panic.如果句中沒(méi)有明確表示是指目的，就用現(xiàn)在分詞！178。 從句平行從句只有和引導(dǎo)詞相同的從句才可以平行！除此之外，和任何詞、短語(yǔ)、從句都不平行。Example:Wrong: A mastodon carcass, thawed only once AND which is still fresh. is on display.Right: A mastodon carcass, which has been thawed only once AND which is still fresh, is on display.178。 關(guān)于either…or…的平行Either…or…在句子中位置的不同，導(dǎo)致平行的變化如下（OG SC 56）：A． either在動(dòng)詞前面: ……either fashioned from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or fashioned fromGandharan grey schis.B． Either 在介詞前面：……fashioned either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or from Gandharan grey schis.C． Either 在名詞前面：……fashioned from either the spotted sandstone of Mathura or Gandharan grey schis.178。 總結(jié)：平行的8大常見(jiàn)考點(diǎn)1 比較結(jié)構(gòu)u 比較結(jié)構(gòu)的信號(hào)詞：178。 最重要的四個(gè)信號(hào)詞是：like，unlike，than，as！遇到這四個(gè)詞，就一定要注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)的考點(diǎn)。先找出比較的兩個(gè)對(duì)象，然后從邏輯上判斷這兩個(gè)對(duì)象是否是同種性質(zhì)相比較的；從語(yǔ)法上判斷是否語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)平行。下圖是其他比較結(jié)構(gòu)信號(hào)詞：u as 和 like（更高階的請(qǐng)看曼哈頓P248249）178。 like1) like是一個(gè)介詞，后面只能跟名詞、代詞和名詞短語(yǔ)，不能跟從句和介詞短語(yǔ)。Like是用于兩個(gè)名詞間的比較的。Right: LIKE her brother. Ava aced the test.2) Like后可以跟動(dòng)名詞：like swimming，running….3) Like不能用來(lái)舉例：the preferred way to introduce examples is with phrasesuch as,rather than with the wordlike,which suggests a parision.Such as在舉例的時(shí)候，可以分開(kāi)，如：such crops as corn and beans4) unlike和like短語(yǔ)都可以放在句首或句尾。此時(shí)，跟在unlike和like后面的名詞都只是與句子主語(yǔ)作比較178。 AsAs是可以當(dāng)介詞（引導(dǎo)名詞），也可以當(dāng)連詞使用（引導(dǎo)句子），as當(dāng)介詞時(shí)，不是比較的作用，也不是“相似”的意思，而是翻譯為“作為”的意思，所以只有當(dāng)as是連詞時(shí)，才能表比較。因此as只可以引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)完整句子的比較，不能引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)名詞的比較。Example：Wrong: LIKE her brother DID, Ava aced the test.Right: AS her brother DID, Ava aced the test.在GMAT中，as和like都可以引導(dǎo)比較，不過(guò)as引導(dǎo)句子，like引導(dǎo)名詞，如下例：Right：Like her brother, Ava aced the testRight：As her brother did, Ava aced the test.As作比較時(shí)的變體固定搭配Right: JUST AS the trains were late yesterday, the buses are late today.Right: JUST AS the trains were late yesterday, SO TOO are they late today.u 邏輯上平行即兩個(gè)用于比較的對(duì)象要是相類似的東西，是同性質(zhì)的東西。Wrong：Frank39。s build, LIKE his brother, is broad and muscular.以上這個(gè)句子中，比較對(duì)象是“Frank’s build”和”his brother”，體格和人怎么能比較呢，所以是邏輯上不平行，邏輯錯(cuò)誤。正確的表達(dá)方式有以下兩種，其中第一句中的相同的詞“build”就省略了，避免重復(fù)；第二句用that代替build也是可行的方法。Right: Frank39。s build, LIKE his brother39。s, is broad and muscular.Right: Frank39。s build, LIKE that of his brother is broad and muscular.Right: Frank, LIKE his brother, has a broad and muscular build.u 語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)上平行詳細(xì)內(nèi)容參見(jiàn)平行那一章u 詞語(yǔ)省略（只要邏輯合理，重復(fù)的都能省，所以邏輯為王?。?78。 在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中，所有格’s后面的重復(fù)內(nèi)容通常都省略My car is bigger than Brian39。s [car}. My toes are longer than Brian39。s [toes}.My car is bigger than the Smiths39。 [car}. My toes are longer than the Smiths39。 [toes}.178。 只要沒(méi)有歧義，重復(fù)提到的單詞、詞組甚至是句子都可以省略In general, you should put in the omitted words or appropriate Helping Verbs (such as be,do, and have) only if you need39。 to remove ambiguity.Example：Right: Whereas I drink 2 quarts of milk a day, my friend drinks 3 [quarts}.Right: I walk faster than Brian [walks}.Right： I walk as fast now as [I walked} when I was younger.178。 怎么判斷產(chǎn)生歧義與否一般的，比較對(duì)象在句中都充當(dāng)同樣的成分，如主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。如果在后的比較對(duì)象既可以理解為在原句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，又可以充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，且都沒(méi)有邏輯錯(cuò)誤和語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，那就產(chǎn)生歧義了。Example：Ambiguous: I like cheese more than Yvette. {Yvette could be subject or object.}Yvette在原句中既可以做主語(yǔ)，表示“我比Yvette更愛(ài)芝士”；也可以做賓語(yǔ)，表示“我愛(ài)芝士比我愛(ài)Yvette多”，產(chǎn)生了歧義。178。 如何消除歧義1) 當(dāng)比較對(duì)象做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，將省略的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)都補(bǔ)充完整Right: I like cheese more than I DO Yvette. (= than I like Yvette)如何補(bǔ)充完整：把than前面的比較對(duì)象cheese換成Yvette，謂語(yǔ)like由助動(dòng)詞代替，然后照抄到than后面。2) 當(dāng)比較對(duì)象做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，將助動(dòng)詞補(bǔ)充進(jìn)來(lái)Right: I like cheese more than Yvette DOES. (=than Yvette likes cheese)Yvette做主語(yǔ)，助動(dòng)詞要變成第三人稱單數(shù)，cheese是相同的賓語(yǔ)，可以省略。平常s1 v o at the same time as s2 有s2與o比較的歧義，所以為了避免造成這種歧義，就把動(dòng)詞補(bǔ)助，將其限定為s1與s2兩主語(yǔ)的比較，如果這個(gè)動(dòng)詞后沒(méi)有帶賓語(yǔ)，不補(bǔ)助動(dòng)詞也不會(huì)引起歧義，補(bǔ)了助動(dòng)詞反而是redundant178。 如果句子本身不存在歧義，多加了助動(dòng)詞或本該省略的詞，就比較wordy了。但是，GMAT中也出現(xiàn)過(guò)這種wordy的現(xiàn)象，所以GMAC為王，千萬(wàn)不要以多余助動(dòng)詞的出現(xiàn)作為排除選項(xiàng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，只是分析題目的時(shí)候，這個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)要識(shí)別的出來(lái)。Example：Right: Vishal eats more carrots than donuts. (donuts must be the object)Wordy: Vishal eats more carrots than HE DOES donuts.178。 隱喻式的比較是不被GMAT接受的，要用than使比較明確起來(lái)，所以如果句子中沒(méi)有than，就不可以用比較級(jí)！Example：Wrong: With winter ing, I will have HIGHER energy bills.Wrong: I will have HIGHER bills OVER last year.Right: I will have HIGHER bills THAN last year.Always use than with a parative form.1 動(dòng)詞和比較（高階）u 助動(dòng)詞1) 在動(dòng)作重復(fù)的時(shí)候，后半部分的動(dòng)詞和賓語(yǔ)可省略，用助動(dòng)詞be, do, have/has代替。不過(guò)，如果前后部分動(dòng)作一樣但時(shí)態(tài)不一致時(shí)，便不能省略主要?jiǎng)釉~以及賓語(yǔ)，其中賓語(yǔ)可以由代詞代替，避免重復(fù)。如下例：Example:Wordy: I have never seen an aardvark, but my father has seen an aardvark.Better: I have never seen an aardvark, but my father HAS.Wrong: I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father DID.Right: I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father saw one.2) 在一些罕見(jiàn)的情況下，and的前后動(dòng)作時(shí)態(tài)可以不一樣，如下例：Example:Wrong: Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they ARE.Right: Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they DO.分析：第二句中，“do”和前面部分的時(shí)態(tài)不一致，前面是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，后面是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。由于they指代的是cars，根據(jù)邏輯句意知道，do后面省略的是inspire，而inspire和cars是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用do不用are。3) do, be, have這些助動(dòng)詞永遠(yuǎn)代表肯定的意思，如下例：Right: Some people do not eat soup. but others do. (= do eat soup)Right: Some people do not eat soup as others do. (= do eat soup)Use be, do and have in this way only if you mean the positive form of the verb.u 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的位置：放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前面Example:Wrong: Our division spent significant funds on HAVING TO build facilities.Right: Our division HAD TO spend significant funds on building facilities.2) 如果句子中其他詞語(yǔ)已經(jīng)表達(dá)了情態(tài)動(dòng)詞要表達(dá)的意思，就不能再出現(xiàn)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞以免重復(fù)。如下例：Example:Wrong: This plan ensures that action MUST be taken.Right: This plan ensures that action WILL be taken.3) “be to”在GMAT中不能用，得用will或should“be to”本來(lái)表示“某種義務(wù)或者將來(lái)會(huì)做…”，在GMAT里不用“be to”表示這兩種意思，轉(zhuǎn)而用“will”和“should”表示將來(lái)或義務(wù)。(PS: should 不能表命令) 如下列：Example:Wrong: We ARE TO receive an invitation.Right: We WILL receive an invitation. OR We SHOULD receive an invitatio