【文章內容簡介】 nts of the Communication Process Here are the various ponents of the munication process in detail. Input The sender has an intention to municate with another person. This intention makes up the content of the message. Sender This is a process of encoding where the sender produces the message. The process can be conducted verbally or nonverbally, sometimes in a blended way. For example, the idea of love can be shown by affectionately sending the lover a cluster of fresh roses , by writing amorous love letters, or even by speaking out the emotion directly . Channel The message is sent via a channel, which can be made of a variety of materials. In acoustic munication it consists of air, and in written munication, of paper or other writing materials. Noise Generally, “anything could be classified as noise if it interferes with the reception of information so much as to cause a discrepancy between the encoded and decoded messages”[2] Lylia Sun, “Towards Effective Intraorganizational CommunicationIts Comprehensive Linguistic Approaches and Applications in a Global Setting”, Master’s thesis of the SIFT(Sept. 1999), pp6[2]. The channel is subjected to various sources of noise. One example is telephone munication, where numerous secondary sounds are audible. Even a solid channel such as paper can be crushed or stained. Such phenomena are also noise in the municative sense. Receiver This is an act of decoding where the receiver interprets the message or expression from its code to understand the idea.Output This is the content decoded by the receiver. Code In the process, the relevance of a code bees obvious: The codes of the sender and receiver must have at least a certain set in mon in order to make munication work.Context The above models explain forcedly how munication works, but in the writer’s opinion they would be more plete if this element could be taken into consideration. Context refers to the occasions or situations where munication happens for example telephone conversations. Barriers to Effective Business Communication There are a good number of sources of noise or interference that can enter into the munication process, especially in the business environment. The munication in a work setting is often plicated by the plex and often conflictive relationships existing at work. The following suggests a number of sources of noise in the business setting: Language: The choice of words or language in which a sender encodes a message will influence the quality of munication. Because language is a symbolic representation of the meaning, the room for interoperation and distortion of the meaning exists. Take the simple example:Terry: I won39。t make it to work again tomorrow。 this pregnancy keeps me nauseous and my doctor says I should probably be reduced to part time. Boss: Terry, this is the third day you39。ve missed and your appointments keep backing up。 we have to cover for you and this is messing all of us up.[3] See this example on the website: ~ewertheim/interper/ (March 23,2004)[3] This was an unsuccessful munication. In the above example, Terry wanted to convey what appeared to be a simple message she couldn’t manage to work the next day because of nausea, and she had to translate the thoughts into words. But it turned out what she was trying to convey was more than her being absent in the following day. She was upset because she perceived that her coworkers weren39。t as sympathetic to her situation as they should be. Her coworkers, however, were really being pressured by Terry39。s continued absences. Thus what appeared to be a simple munication was, in reality, quite plex. Terry was municating far more than that she would miss work。 she was conveying a number of plex feelings, feelings about pregnancy, work, and her future. Similarly, the boss went through a plex munication process in hearing her words. The expression that Terry used had to be decoded. There were many ways to decode the simple message that Terry gave and the way the message was heard would influence the response to Terry. In this case the boss heard far more than a simple message that Terry wouldn39。t be at work the next day. The boss heard from Terry hostility, indifference, and lack of consideration, among all others. Terry may not have meant this, but that was what the boss heard. The boss, therefore, used language (“this is the third day you39。ve missed”) that conveyed indifference to Terry’s medical problems. Note that the same words will be interpreted differently by different person. Meaning has to be given to words and many factors affect how an individual will attribute meaning to particular words. It is important to note that no two people will attribute the exactly same meaning to the same words. Perceptual Biases: We each have shortcuts that we use to organize data. Invariably, these shortcuts introduce some biases into munication. Some of these shortcuts include stereotyping, inference, and selffulfilling assumption. Stereotyping is one of the most mon. If ever we think ‘All ____ are like that’, then we are stereotyping. This causes destruction in relationships。 everyone is unique and wants to feel uniquely valuable. When stereotyping is endemic, consistent mistreatment or oppression of one group by another is mon, which, in turn, reinforces people’s negative feelings that can, understandably, color their attitudes.Cultural Differences: Effective munication requires deciphering the basic values, m