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ed by the authorities with market intervention. 17 June The United States begins to intervene in the foreign exchange markets, attempting to support the Japanese yen. August The Hong Kong dollar is attacked again and $ billion is spent defending it. September 1 Malaysia imposes more capital controls。 the ringgit is fixed at to the dollar. September As real economic activity contracts, Korea lowers short term interest rates. Causes Deteriorating( 不斷惡化的) economic conditions Moral ( 道德) Hazards (危害) by banks and corporations(企業(yè)) Too much inflow( 流入) of foreign funds Stock market and Real Estate( 房地產(chǎn)) Bubble Lack of regulatory ( 監(jiān)管) control on funds Massive disinvestment( 撤資) Speculation? Who are speculators( 投機者) ? Large International financial institutions, banks and fund managers attacking central banks Why? They short sale( 賣空) currencies and make the central bank run out of foreign reserves. This breaks the equilibrium(平衡) among currencies. Gee Soros Soros Fund Management (est. 1969) Advises Quantum Group of Funds( 量子基金集團) “ the Man Who Broke the Bank of England” Blamed for sharp devaluation of southeastern currencies If you had invested $1k in 1969, you would have $1 mil 25 years later (32% growth/yr.) In July of 1997, Soros Fund Profits doubled! Speculators Take Actions When… Financial markets are ruled by humans emotional reactions than using logical calculation! When a de