【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 onceited presumptuous ，放肆的 fatuous cliche n. 陳詞濫調(diào) 參考譯文人們總是在談?wù)摗扒嗄陠?wèn)題”。如果這個(gè)問(wèn)題存在的話 —— 請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我對(duì)此持懷疑態(tài)度 —— 那么，這個(gè)問(wèn)題是由老年人而不是青年人造成的。讓我們來(lái)認(rèn)真研究一 些基本事實(shí)：承認(rèn)青年人和他們的長(zhǎng)輩一樣也是人。老年人和青年人只有一個(gè)區(qū)別：青年人有光輝燦爛的前景，而老年人的輝煌已成為過(guò)去。問(wèn)題的癥結(jié)恐怕就在這里。 我十幾歲時(shí)，總感到自己年輕，有些事拿不準(zhǔn) —— 我是一所大學(xué)里的一名新生，如果我當(dāng)時(shí)真的被看成像一個(gè)問(wèn)題那樣有趣，我會(huì)感到很得意的。因?yàn)檫@至少使我得到了 某種承 認(rèn)，這正是年輕人所熱衷追求的。 我覺(jué)得年輕人令人振奮，無(wú)拘無(wú)束。他們既不追逐卑鄙的名利，也不貪圖生活的舒適。他們不熱衷于向上爬，也不一味追求物質(zhì)享受。在我看來(lái)，所有這些使他們與生命 和萬(wàn)物之源聯(lián)系在了一起。從某種意義上講，他們似乎是宇宙人，同我們這些凡夫俗子形成了強(qiáng)烈而鮮明的對(duì)照。每逢我遇到年輕人，腦子里就想到這些年輕人也許狂妄自負(fù)， 舉止無(wú)理，傲慢放肆，愚昧無(wú)知，但我不會(huì)用應(yīng)當(dāng)尊重長(zhǎng)者這一套陳詞濫調(diào)來(lái)為我自己辨護(hù)，似乎年長(zhǎng)就是受人尊敬的理由。我認(rèn)為我和他們是平等的。如果我認(rèn)為他們錯(cuò)了， 我就以平 等的身份和他們爭(zhēng)個(gè)明白。 Lesson 6 The sporting spirit 體育的精神 First listen and then answer the following ，然后回答以下問(wèn)題。 How does the writer describe sport at the international level ？ 7 I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations， and that if only the mon peoples of the would could meet one another at football or cricket ， they would have no inclination to meet on the hattlefield. Even if one didn39。t know from concrete examples（ the 1936 Olympic Games， for instance ） that international sporting contests lead to ies of hatred， one could deduce if from general principles. Nearly all the sports practised nowadays are petitive. You play to win， and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win. On the village green， where you pick up sides and no feeling of local patriotism is involved， it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise ： but as soon as a the question of prestige arises ， as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose， the most savage bative instincts are aroused. Anyone who has played even in a school football match knows this. At the international level ， sport is frankly mimic warfare. But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators： and， behind the spectators， of the nations who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests， and seriously believe—— at any rate for short periods—— that running ， jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue. GEORGE ORWELL The sporting spirit New words and expressions 生詞和短語(yǔ) goodwill cricket inclination contest y n. 無(wú)節(jié)制的，放蕩deduce v. 推斷 petitive ，愛(ài)國(guó)主義 disgrace v. 使丟臉savage adj. 野性的 bative mimic warfare 模擬戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng) behaviour ，舉止absurd adj. 荒唐的 參考譯文當(dāng)我聽(tīng)人們說(shuō)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)可創(chuàng)造國(guó)家之間的友誼，還說(shuō)各國(guó)民眾若在足球場(chǎng)或板球場(chǎng)上交鋒，就不愿在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上殘殺的時(shí)候，我總是驚愕不已。一個(gè)人即使不能從具 體的事例（例如 1936 年的奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)）了解到國(guó)際運(yùn)動(dòng)比賽會(huì)導(dǎo)致瘋狂的仇恨，也可以從常理中推斷出結(jié)論。 現(xiàn)在開(kāi)展的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)幾乎都是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的。參加比賽就是為了取勝。如果不拚命去贏，比賽就沒(méi)有什么意義了。在鄉(xiāng)間 的草坪上，當(dāng)你隨意組成兩個(gè)隊(duì)，并且不涉及任何地 方情緒時(shí)，那才可能是單純的為了娛樂(lè)和鍛煉而進(jìn)行比賽。可是一量涉及到榮譽(yù)問(wèn)題，一旦你想到你和某一團(tuán)體會(huì)因?yàn)槟爿敹鴣G臉時(shí)，那么最野蠻的爭(zhēng)斗天性便會(huì)激發(fā)起來(lái)。 即使是僅僅參加過(guò)學(xué)校足球賽的人也有種體會(huì)。在國(guó)際比賽中，體育簡(jiǎn)直是一場(chǎng)模擬戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。但是，要緊的還不是運(yùn)動(dòng)員的行為，而是觀眾的態(tài)度，以及觀眾身后各個(gè)國(guó)家的態(tài) 度。面對(duì)著這些荒唐的比賽，參賽的各個(gè)國(guó)家會(huì)如癡如狂，甚至煞有介事地相信 —— 至少在短期內(nèi)如此 —— 跑跑、跳跳、踢踢球是對(duì)一個(gè)民族品德素質(zhì)的檢驗(yàn)。 Lesson 7 Bats 蝙蝠 First listen and then answer the following ，然后回答以下問(wèn)題。 8 In what way does echolocation in bats play an utilitarian role ？ Not all sounds made by animals serve as language， and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echolocation in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role. To get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to some recent human inventions. Everyone knows that if he shouts in the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside ， an echo will e back. The further off this solid obstruction ， the longer time will elapse for the return of the echo. A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom ， and by measuring the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes ， the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated. So was born the echosounding apparatus， now in general use in ships. Every solid object will reflect a sound， varying according to the size and nature of the object. A shoal of fish will do this. So it is a paratively simple step from locating the sea bottom to locating a shoal of fish. With experience， and with improved apparatus， it is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring， cod， or other wellknown fish ， by the pattern of its echo. It has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes ， they can locate and steer clear of obstacles —— or locate flying insects on which they feed. This echolocation in bats is often pared with radar ， the principle of which is similar. MAURICE BURTON Curiosities of animal life New words and expressions 生詞和短語(yǔ) bat strictly utilitarian appreciation n. 理解 elapse obstruction n,障礙物 hull receipt 收 interval apparatus shoal herring cod squeak 參考譯文動(dòng)物發(fā)出的聲音不都是用作語(yǔ)言交際。我們只要看一看蝙蝠回聲定位這一極不尋常的發(fā)現(xiàn)，就可以探究一下聲音在什么情況下有絕對(duì)的實(shí)用價(jià)值。 要透徹理解這句話的意義，我們應(yīng)先回顧一下人類最近的幾項(xiàng)發(fā)明。大家都知道，在墻壁或山腰附近發(fā)出的喊聲，就會(huì)聽(tīng)到回聲。固體障礙物越遠(yuǎn)?；芈暦祷厮脮r(shí)間就 越長(zhǎng)。敲打船體所 發(fā)了的聲音會(huì)從海底傳回來(lái)，測(cè)出回聲間隔的時(shí)間，便可算出該處海洋的深度。這樣就產(chǎn)生了目前各種船舶上普遍應(yīng)用的回聲探測(cè)儀。任何固體者反射聲音， 反射的聲音因物體的大小和性質(zhì)的不同而不同。魚(yú)群也反射聲音。從測(cè)定海深到測(cè)定魚(yú)群，這一進(jìn)展比較容易。根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和改進(jìn)了的儀器，不僅能夠確定魚(yú)群的位置，而且可 以根據(jù)魚(yú)群回聲的特點(diǎn)分辨出是鯡魚(yú)、鱈魚(yú)，這是人們所熟悉的其他魚(yú)。 人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，某些蝙蝠能發(fā)出尖叫聲，并能通過(guò)回聲來(lái)確定并躲開(kāi)障礙物，或找到它們賴以為生的昆蟲(chóng)。蝙蝠這種回聲定位常?？膳c雷達(dá)相比較，其原理是相似的。 Lesson 8 Trading standards 貿(mào)易標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 9 First listen and then answer the following ，然后回答以下問(wèn)題。 What makes trading between rich countries difficult ？ Chickens slaughtered in the United States ， claim officials in Brussels， are not fit to grace European tables. No ， say the American ： our fowl are fine， we simply clean them in a different way. These days， it is differences in national regulations， far more than tariffs， that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries. It is not just farmers who are plaining. An electric razor that meets the European Union39。s safety standards must be approved by Ame