【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 g exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language. Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions. Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use all three types of expressions. 語言的類型 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)用法包括那些為使用這種語言的大多數(shù)人在任何場(chǎng)合下理解、使用和 接受的詞和短語，而不論該場(chǎng)合是否正式。 這些詞和短語的意義已很確定并被列入了標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 詞典中。 相反，俗語是指那些幾乎所有講這種語言的人都理解并在非正式的口頭或書面中 使用，卻不適用于更正規(guī)的一些場(chǎng)合的詞和短語。 幾乎所有的習(xí)慣用語都屬于俗語，而俚 語指的是為很多講這種語言的人理解但大多數(shù)人不把它們列入好的、正式用法之內(nèi)的詞和短 語；俗語甚至俚語都可能在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)字典中查到，但是字典中會(huì)標(biāo)明它們的性質(zhì)。 俗語和俚語 詞匯的應(yīng) 用都是口頭較多、筆頭較少。俗語用法經(jīng)常地被接受為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)用法。 一些俚語也變 成了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)用法，但另外一些俚語只經(jīng)歷了短暫的流行，而后就被棄之不用了。 有時(shí)候，多 數(shù)人從來不接受某些俚語，但是他們把這些俚語保存到集中記憶中。 每一代人似乎都需要 獨(dú)有的一套詞匯來描述熟知的物體和事件。 很多語言學(xué)家指出，大量俚語的形成需要三個(gè) 文化條件：第一，對(duì)社會(huì)中新事物的引入和接受；第二，一個(gè)由大量子群構(gòu)成的多樣化人口； 第三，各子群與多數(shù)人口之間的聯(lián)系。最后需要提到的是， 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語 、 俗語 和 俚語 這些 術(shù)語只是 對(duì)研究語言的專家才有用的抽象標(biāo)簽。 不論何種語言，只會(huì)有很小一部分使用者能夠意識(shí)到他們是在使用俗語或俚語。 講英語的多數(shù)人能夠在適當(dāng)?shù)膱?chǎng)合中選擇使用所有 這三種語言類型。 考研 1 號(hào)英語話題寫作第一書《寫作 160 篇》連續(xù) 5 年命中寫作原題 《寫作 160 篇》全面涵蓋當(dāng)年可考話題，經(jīng)典話題精心選材， 文章分類層次 清晰，范文重點(diǎn)句式詳細(xì)點(diǎn)評(píng)。 06 The Language of Music A painter hangs his or her finished picture on a wall, and everyone can see it. A poser writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed. Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the poser is utterly dependent on them. A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to bee a performer as a medical student needs to bee a doctor. Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer. Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support. String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm two entirely different movements. Singers and instrumentalists have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune. Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner39。s responsibility to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties: the hammers that hit the strings have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear. This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sounds with fanatical but selfless authority. Technique is of no use unless it is bined with musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century. 音樂的語言 畫家將已完成的作品掛在墻上，每個(gè)人都可以觀賞到。 作曲家寫完了一部作品，得由 演奏者將其演奏出來，其他人才能得以欣賞。因?yàn)樽髑沂侨绱送耆匾蕾囉诼殬I(yè)歌手和職 業(yè)演奏者，所以職業(yè)歌手和職業(yè)演奏者肩上的擔(dān)子可謂不輕。 一名學(xué)音樂的學(xué)生要想成為 一名演奏者，需要經(jīng)受長(zhǎng)期的、嚴(yán)格的訓(xùn)練，就象一名醫(yī)科的學(xué)生要成為一名醫(yī)生一樣。 絕 大多數(shù)的訓(xùn)練是技巧性的。 音樂家們控制肌肉的熟練程度，必須達(dá)到與運(yùn)動(dòng)員或巴蕾舞演 員相當(dāng)?shù)乃健? 歌手們每天都練習(xí)吊嗓子，因?yàn)槿绻荒苡行У乜刂萍∪獾脑?，他們的? 帶將不能滿足演唱的要求。 弦樂器的演奏者練習(xí)的則是在左手的手指上下滑動(dòng)的同時(shí)，用 右手前后拉動(dòng)琴弓 兩個(gè)截然不同的動(dòng)作。歌手和樂器演奏者必須使所有的音符完全相同協(xié) 調(diào)。 鋼琴家們則不用操這份心，因?yàn)槊總€(gè)音符都已在那里等待著他們了。 給鋼琴調(diào)音是調(diào) 音師的職責(zé)。 但調(diào)音師們也有他們的難處： 他們必須耐心地調(diào)理敲擊琴弦的音錘，不能讓 音錘發(fā)出的聲音象是打擊樂器，而且每個(gè)交疊的音都必須要清晰。如何得到樂章清晰的紋理 是學(xué)生指 揮們所面臨的難題：他們必須學(xué)會(huì)了解音樂中的每一個(gè)音及其發(fā)音之道。 他們還 必須致力于以熱忱而又客觀的權(quán)威去控制這些音符。除非是和音樂方面的知識(shí)和悟性結(jié)合起 來，單純的技巧沒有任何用處。 藝術(shù)家之所以偉大在于他們對(duì)音樂語言駕輕就熟，以致于 可以滿懷喜悅地演出寫于任何時(shí)代的作品。 07 Schooling and Education It is monly believed in the United States that school is where people go to get an education. Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school. The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important. Education is much more openended and allinclusive than schooling. Education knows no bounds. It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor. It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning. The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished scientist. 考研 1 號(hào)英語話題寫作第一書《寫作 160 篇》連續(xù) 5 年命中寫作原題 《寫作 160 篇》全面涵蓋當(dāng)年可考話題，經(jīng)典話題精心選材， 文章分類層次 清晰，范文重點(diǎn)句式詳細(xì)點(diǎn)評(píng)。 Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises. A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions. People are engaged in education from infancy on. Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term. It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of one39。s entire life. Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next. Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on. The slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the workings of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught. For example, high school students know that they are not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their munities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with. There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling. 上學(xué)與受教育 在美國(guó)，人們通常認(rèn)為上學(xué)是為了受教育。 而現(xiàn)在卻有人認(rèn)為孩子們上學(xué)打斷了他們 受教育的過程。 這種觀念中的上學(xué)與受教育之間的區(qū)別非常重要。 與上學(xué)相比，教育更具 開放性，內(nèi)容更廣泛。 教育不受任何限制。 它可以在任何場(chǎng)合下進(jìn)行，在淋浴時(shí)，在工作 時(shí)，在廚房里或拖拉機(jī)上。 它既包括在學(xué)校所受的正規(guī)教育，也包括一切非正規(guī)教育。 傳 授知識(shí)的人可以是德高望重的老者，可以是收音機(jī)里進(jìn)行政治辯論的人們，可以是小孩子， 也可以是知名的科學(xué)家。 上學(xué)讀書多少有點(diǎn)可預(yù)見性，而教育往往能帶來意外的 發(fā)現(xiàn)。 與 陌生人的一次隨意談話可能會(huì)使人認(rèn)識(shí)到自己對(duì)其它宗教其實(shí)所知甚少。