【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 to staying at home. ? 13) begin/ start to do / doing ? 注意 :下列情況下多用 to do…. ? 1) 主語為物時(shí) ? 2) 謂語動(dòng)詞是正在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí) ? 3) 非謂語動(dòng)詞為表示人的心理狀態(tài)或精神活動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞時(shí) (know, like, ? realize, understand). ? I was beginning to get angry. ? He began to realize that he had made a mistake. ? The snow began to melt. ? 動(dòng)詞不定式 ? 不定式由 to + 動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成 , 否定形式是 not to do 狀語構(gòu)成不定式短語 ,沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化 .不定式可以作主語 ,賓語 ,狀語 , ? 表語和定語 ,但不能單獨(dú)作謂語 .不定式的邏輯主語有時(shí)用 It is + adj + for / of sb to do sth. ? 不定式的用法 ? 1) 作主語 ? To see is to believe. It is right to give up smoking. 2)作賓語 He wanted to go. ? 3)作賓語補(bǔ)足語 ? He asked me to do the work with him. ? 注意 : 在 feel, hear, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, watch, have, let, make等詞后的賓語補(bǔ)足語中，不定式不帶 to,但這些句子如果變成被動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí) ,就必須帶 to. ? I often hear him sing the song. ? He is often heard to sing the song. ? 4) 作定語 ? The farmers thought of ways to protect their crops. ? 注意 :作定語的不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞 ,或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn) ,工具等 ,不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞 . ? Please give me a knife to cut with. ? There is nothing to worry about. ? He is looking for a room to live in. ? 5) 作狀語 ? 表示目的 ,原因 ,結(jié)果 . ? I came here to see you.(目的 ) 目的狀語還可以用 in order to 或 so as to來表示 . We turned off the lights in order not to waste electricity. Check your position so as to avoid mistakes. ? We were very excited to hear the news.(原因 ) ? He hurried to the school to find nobody there. (結(jié)果 ) ? 結(jié)果狀語還可以用 so… as to…, such…as to …, enough to…, only to…, too…to 等結(jié)構(gòu)來表示 . ? He arrived at the station too late to catch the early train. ? He lifted a rock only to drop in on his own feet. ? 注意 :1) 某些形容詞在 too… to… 結(jié)構(gòu)中沒有否定的含義 ,而是表示肯定 ,這類形容詞有 anxious, delighted, eager, easy, glad, kind, pleased, ready, surprised, willing等 . ? She was too surprised to see how angry her father 生氣 ,她非常吃驚 . ? 2) 在 not, never, only, all, but等后的too… to… 結(jié)構(gòu)中 ,too的含義為 very, 不定式?jīng)]有否定含義 . ? It is never too late to learn. ? 活到老 ,學(xué)到老 . ? I am only too glad to stay at home.我太想留在家里了 . ? 6) 作表語 ? My job is to help the patients. ? 7) 作獨(dú)立成分 ? To tell the truth, I don’t afree with you. ? 常用的這類短語有 :to be frank(坦白地說 ),to be exact (確切地說 ), to begin with (首先 ), to make a long story short (長話短說 ),etc. ? 8) 不定式與疑問詞 who, which, when, where, how, what等連用 ,在句子中起名詞作用 ,可充當(dāng)主語 ,表語 ,賓語等 . ? My question is when to start.(表語 ) ? How to solve the problem is very important. (主語 ) ? He didn’t know what to say.(賓語 ) ? 注意 :在與 why連用時(shí) ,只用于 why not + V ? ? Why not have a try? ? 不定式的時(shí)態(tài) ? 1)不定式的一般形式所表示的動(dòng)作通常與謂語的動(dòng)作同時(shí) (或幾乎同時(shí) )發(fā)生 ,或在它之后發(fā)生 . ? I plan to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.(=that is going to …) ? 比較 : ? Did you attend the meeting held yesterday? (=that was going to…) ? I saw him go out. ? 2) 如果謂語表示的動(dòng)作 (或情況 )發(fā)生時(shí) ,不定式表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行 ,這是不定式就要用進(jìn)行時(shí) . ? He is believed to be ing. ? 不定式的進(jìn)行時(shí)也表示將來 ? (= It is believed that he is ing.) ? I am very glad to be working with you. ? 3) 如果不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前 ,就要用完成時(shí)態(tài) . ? The novel is believed to have been translated into Chinese. ? I’m sorry to have kept you waiting. ? 4 intended, expected, hoped, promised, wanted, wished, thought 等后用不定式完成時(shí) ,表示過去沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望 ,期待或計(jì)劃等 ,也表示發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài) . ? I intended to have e to see you. ? = I had intended to e to see you. ? I hoped to have finished the work earlier. ? = I had hoped to finish the work earlier. ? 5) 在 seem, appear, think, consider, believe等表示看法與想法的動(dòng)詞后用不定式的完成時(shí) , 表示該動(dòng)作先于另一 ? 個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生 .此結(jié)構(gòu)也常被以 it形式作形式的結(jié)構(gòu)代替 . ? He seems to have bought the book. ? =It seems that he has bought the book. ? 不定式在句中用主動(dòng)式還是被動(dòng)式 ,多數(shù)情況下是容易判斷的 ,但要注意以下幾點(diǎn) : ? 1) 不定式修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式 ? 邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系時(shí) ,不定式往往用主動(dòng)形式 . ? Have you got a key to unlock the door? ( A key unlocks the door.) ? 2) 不定式和它前面被修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系 ,又和該句主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí) ,不定式常用主動(dòng)形式 . ? I know what to do. ( I do what ) ? He needs a room to live in. (He lives in a room.) ? I have a letter to write.( I write a letter.) ? 3)不定式做表語的狀語 ,和句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系 , 不定式多用主動(dòng)形式 . ? The book is difficult to understand. ? To understand the book is difficult. ? It is difficult (for sb.) to understand the book. ? The chair is fortable to sit in. ? 1 He offered us a lift when he was leaving the office,but _____ our work, we turned down the offer. ? A not finished B finished ? C not having finished ? D having finished ? 2 Think hard and you won’t have the puzzle ____ you. ? A puzzling B puzzle ? C to puzzle D puzzled C B 3 In front of the classroom sat a teacher, ____ students seated around him discussing a hard problem with him. A whose B his C which D and his 4 For breakfast he only drinks juice from fruit ____ on his own farm. A grown B being grown C to be grown D to grow B A ? 5 The teacher called Tom to his office because he was caught ____ in the exam. ? A to catch B cheating ? C cheated D cheat ? 6 As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not ____, and asked myself what I was going to do. ? A moved B moving ? C to move D being moved B B ? 7 We didn’t find them ____ the lecture. ? No one had told them about ____ a lecture the following day. ? A to attend。 there to be ? B attending。 there being ? C attended。 there be ? D attend。 there was B ? 8 I can’t see my old grandparents _____ alone in the countryside, so I’ll have them___with me in the city. ? A leave。 stay B left。 stay ? C leaving。 to stay D left。 to stay ? 9 ___ the dish beautiful, Mary tried her best skills and used the best material. ? A Making B To make ? C Made D Having made B B ? 10 If the babysitter can’t e tomorrow, do you m