【正文】 to read. ? A as B which C / D that D A ? 16 ____ is known to us all is that America is a delevoped country ____ the First World. ? A Which…belonged ? B AS…belonging to ? C What…belonging to ? D It… belonging C ? 17 The professor gives us the impression _____ he is a real expert in this field. ? A which B what C where D that ? 18 Class regulations require ____ is the last to leave the classroom ____ off all the lights. ? A who…should turn ? B whom …shall turn ? C whomever… turns ? D whoever…turn D D ? 19 Pointing to the house on ____ roof grew lots of bush,the old man told me that was ____ I would stay. ? A its…what B whose…what ? C whose…where D its… where ? 20 Do you agree with her? ? What she’s just said is the very idea ____ I want to express. ? A that B what C which D why C A ? 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 ? 動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式有三種 :分詞 ,動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式 ? 1. 分詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) ? 分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞（ ving）和過(guò)去分詞（ ved）。現(xiàn)在分詞分一般式和完成式。一般式表示和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作；完成式（ having + ved）的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前。 ? Having studied in the university for 3 years,he knows the place well. ? Being a student, he was interested in books. ? 分詞有一般式和完成式 ,且有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) . ? Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. ? Given more time, I could do the job better. ? 2. 分詞的用法 ? 分詞在句子中起形容詞和副詞的作用 ,可以作定語(yǔ) ,狀語(yǔ) ,表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) . ? 作定語(yǔ) ? Polluted air and water are harmful to people’s health. ? The man standing at the window is our teacher. ? 作狀語(yǔ) ? 分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí) ,可以表示時(shí)間 ,原因 ,結(jié)果 ,條件 ,讓步 ,行為方式 ,伴隨狀況等 . ? The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. (方式 ) ? While reading the book, he nodded from time to time.(時(shí)間 ) ? Not having finished the work, he couldn’t go home.(原因 ) ? 注意 : 1) 分詞作狀語(yǔ) ,其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與主句的主語(yǔ)一致 . ? 2)有時(shí)可由連接詞 while, when, if, though, unless, once等詞加分詞 . ? Unless invited, I won’t go.(Unless I am invited, I won’t go.) ? While attending the conference in Beijing, she got to know them. (While she was attending the conference…) ? 當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)不同時(shí) ,分詞必須有自己的主語(yǔ) . ? Time permitting,I will finish another lesson. (= If time permits,I….) ? 3) 作表語(yǔ) ? He was inspired by what we had done. ? The news is inspiring. ? 4) 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) ? We saw the teacher making the experiment. ? He had his clothes washed. ? I saw him get on the car and drive off. ? 注意 : 在 see,hear,watch,have,observe, notice,listen to, look at,catch a glimpse of, catch sight of, make, let, feel, find, leave ? 等動(dòng)詞后 ,用現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生 ,用動(dòng)詞不定式表示動(dòng)作全過(guò)程結(jié)束 , ? 用過(guò)去分詞表示賓語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)狀態(tài) . ? He was often heard to sing the song. ? 動(dòng)名詞 ? 動(dòng)名詞由動(dòng)詞 +ing構(gòu)成 ,具有動(dòng)詞和名詞的性質(zhì) , 在句中起名詞的作用 , 可以作主語(yǔ) ,賓語(yǔ) ,表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ) . ? 1) 作主語(yǔ) ? Collecting information is important to business men. ? It is no use arguing with him. ? 注意 :動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式都可以作主語(yǔ) ,動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)表示一般或抽象的多次行為動(dòng)作 ,不定式作主語(yǔ)往往表示具體的或一次動(dòng)作 . ? Swimming in summer is fun. ? To swim with you is fun. ? 但在 It is no use / not any use / good/ not any good /useless等后一般用動(dòng)名詞 . ? 2) 作表語(yǔ) ? Her job is teaching. ? Seeing is believing. ? 比較分詞作表語(yǔ) ? The news is surprising. ? I am surprised at the news. ? 3) 作賓語(yǔ) ? He finished reading the book. ? He is fond of playing football. ? 注意 :在 admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, enjoy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, five, give up, imagine, include, keep, mention, mind, miss, practise, put off, delay, postpone, risk, suggest, can’t help / resist / keep from, fancy, ? can’t stand/bear (無(wú)法忍受 ), be worth, be busy等動(dòng)詞后面必須用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ) ,不能用不定式 . ? We all missed seeing the film because of the bad weather. ? He was so lucky that he escaped being hurt. ? 下列動(dòng)詞接不定式或動(dòng)名詞意義不同 . ? 1) remember to do … 記住去做 … ? remember doing … 記得做過(guò)了 … ? You must remember to turn off the lights before you leave the room. ? Can you remember telling me the story last year? ? 2) fet to do / doing sth忘記要去 做 … / 忘記做過(guò)了 … ? 3) regret to do 抱歉 /遺憾地說(shuō) , / 告訴 … ? regret doing 后悔做過(guò)了 … ? He regretted to say / tell that he couldn’t stay here any longer. ? He regretted (后悔買了 )buying the books from the bookstore. ? 4) try to do 努力 ,企圖做 … ? try doing 試著做 … ? He tried to (企圖 …) settle the problem, but failed. ? He tries (試著用 ) using another way to settle the problem, if this way can’t do. ? 5) go on to do 繼續(xù)做 (另一件事 ) ? go on doing 繼續(xù)做 (同一件事 ) ? He went on to do exercise two after finishing exercise one. ? He went on doing the same exercise after a short rest. ? 6) can’t help to do… 不能幫助做 … ? can’t help (resist / keep from) doing … 禁不住去做 … ? I couldn’t help to finish the work because I was so busy. ? I couldn’t help finishing the work when I saw he was too tired. ? 7) stop to do… 停下來(lái)去做別的 … ? stop doing sth… 停止做 … ? They stopped to talk after class was over. ? They stopped talking when class began. ? 8) mean to do… 想要做 … mean doing… 意味著 … He means to go to university, but going to college means working very hard. 9) Sb. needs ( wants / requires ) to do … 需要做 … Sth. needs (wants / requires ) doing / to be done 某事需要被做 ? He needs to look after his mother. ? He is so young that he needs looking after ( = to be looked after). ? 10) only to do … 結(jié)果 …, 不料 …( 出 人預(yù)料 ) ? only doing 表伴隨 ? He went home, only to find the door open and everything stolen. ? His father died, only leaving him 3 broken houses. ? ? 11) be worth doing主動(dòng)表被動(dòng) ? be worthy to be / of being done 被動(dòng)表被動(dòng) ? The book is worth reading. ? The book is worthy to be read /of being read. ? 12) prefer to do…rather than do … ? = prefer doing … to doing … ? = would rather do… than do … ? She preferred to go out rather than stay at home. ? She preferred going out