【正文】 你今天早晨干什么了 ? (看來你累了 .) 2)You have been reading newspapers. (Newspapers are lying about in your room.) 你一直在讀報(bào)吧 . (你的房間里到處攤著報(bào)紙 .) 3)You have been teaching. (Your pocket is covered with chalk dust.) 你剛才在教課吧 . (你口袋上有粉筆灰 .) 注 :現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時和現(xiàn)在完成時都可以表示 “ 從過去開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在 ” 這一概念 , 有時兩者可以互相代用 ,但前者多用于口語 .在含義上如著重表示動作的結(jié)果時 ,多用 現(xiàn)在完成時 。如著重表示動作一直在進(jìn)行 ,即動作的延續(xù)性時 ,則多用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時 . 一般不能用于進(jìn)行時的動詞也不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時 .試比較 : 1)I have written six letters since breakfast. 從吃完早飯到現(xiàn)在我已經(jīng)寫了六封信 . I have been writing letters. 我一直在寫信 . 2)I have waited for him for many times. 我等他等了好幾次了 . I have been waiting for him for an hour. 我等他等了一個小時 . 3)He has drunk five cups of tea. 他喝了五杯茶 . He has been drinking tea. 他一直在喝茶 . 4)I have read this book. 我讀過這本書了 . I have been reading this book. 我一直在讀這本書 . 5)That follow has drunk my . That follow has been drinking my wine. 那家伙一直在喝我的酒 . (三 )過去完成時 (1)構(gòu)成 had+過去分詞 (2)用法 . 在強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某一動作發(fā)生在另一動作之前時 (有時兩者相距很近 ),往往用這種時態(tài) . 例如 : 1)By yesterday evening he had written that letter. 到昨天晚上 ,他已寫完那封信 . 2)By the end of last year we had built many new houses. 到去年年底 ,我們已建了很多新房子 . 3)I thought I had met him before. 我認(rèn)為我從前見過他 . 4)He said that he had seen you. 他說他以前見過你 . 5)When I came in he had finished his homework. 當(dāng)我進(jìn)來時 ,他已做完了作業(yè) . 6)He said he had never been to Yan’an. 他說他從未去過延安 . , 這一動作一直持 續(xù)到過去這一時刻或?qū)⒗^續(xù)下去 .例如 : 1)By the middle of last month I had lived in Beijing for five years. 到上月中旬 ,我已在北京住了五年了 . 2)By six o’clock they had worked for eight hours. 到六點(diǎn)為止 ,他們已經(jīng)工作八小 時了 . 3)When I came to Shanghai, he had been there for a long time. 我到上海時 ,他在那里很長時間了 . . (四 )過去完成進(jìn)行時 (1)構(gòu)成 had been+現(xiàn)在分詞 (2)用法 過去完成進(jìn)行時動詞主要表示一直持續(xù)到過去某一時刻的動作 .該動作可能剛結(jié)束 ,也可能還在進(jìn)行 .例如 : 1)I had been waiting in the parlor for some thirty minutes before he came down to see me. 他下樓見我之前 ,我在會客室里已經(jīng)等了他三十分鐘 . 2)By the end of 2022 he had been learning English for five years. But he was pelled to give up English and learn Russian instead. 一直到 2022年底 ,他都在學(xué)英語 ,學(xué)了五年 .后來他不得不放棄英語而學(xué)俄語 . 3)Yesterday evening I had been watching television when Li Hua came to ask me to solve a difficult maths problem. 昨天晚上我在看電視的時候 ,李華來找我 ,讓我?guī)退鉀Q一個數(shù)學(xué)上的難題 . 4)I Was tired out。 I had been reading for hours at a stretch. 我連續(xù)讀了幾個小時的書 ,累極了 . (五 )過去將來時 過去將來時動詞可以表示對過去某一時間來說將要發(fā)生的動作或呈現(xiàn)的狀態(tài) .過 去將來時有以下幾種形式 : (1) should/would+動詞原形 例如 :He said he would go to Shanghai for the holiday. 他說 ,他要到上海度假 . (2)was/were going+動詞不定式 .例如 : They were going to have a meeting. 他們曾經(jīng)打算開個會 . .例如 : I thought it was going to rain. 那時我以為要下雨了 . (3)was/were+動詞不定式 was/were about+動詞不定式 這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)也可以表示某種過去將來的意義 .例如 : 1)The foreign diplomats were to see the President. The White House was astir, making preparation. 外國使節(jié)將要會見總統(tǒng) .整個白宮都忙著做準(zhǔn)備 . (過去將來 ) 2)We were to finish the work in three days. 我們打算三天內(nèi)完成任務(wù) . (過去的打算 ) 3)I was about to go out when a friend dropped in. 我剛要出去 ,來了一個朋友 . 4)He said the train was about to leave. 火車馬上就要來了 . (六 )將來進(jìn)行時 (1)構(gòu)成 shall/will be+現(xiàn)在分詞 (2)用法 .例如 : 1)This time next week we shall be working in that factory. 下星期這時候 ,我們將在那個工廠勞動 . 2)When I get up tomorrow morning, my mother will be getting breakfast for me. 當(dāng)我明晨起床時 ,我媽媽將在為我準(zhǔn)備早飯 . .例如 : 1)I will be seeing him next month. 我下個月就會看到他 . 2)Tomorrow we will be going to the village fair. 我們明天去趕集 . 3)We will be taking our holiday at the seaside in July. 七月份我們?nèi)ズ＿叾燃?. 4)When will he be arriving? 他什么時候到 ? 5)Will you be telephoning him tomorrow? 你明天會不會給他打電話 ? 6)He will be taking his exams next week. 他下星期參加考試 . 7)You will be seeing Mary for the first time, won’t you? 你將第一次見到瑪麗 ,是嗎 ? 注 :一般將來時與將來進(jìn)行時的共同點(diǎn)是將來 ,但將來進(jìn)行時表示主觀上某事即 將發(fā)生而不表示個人意愿 . (七 )將來完成時 (1)構(gòu)成 shall/will + have + 過去分詞 (2)用法 將來完成時動詞主要表示在將來的某一時刻或?qū)淼哪骋粫r刻之前完成的動作 ,這一動作也可能繼續(xù)進(jìn)行 .例如 : 1)By seven o’clock this afternoon we shall have got to Shanghai if the train keeps good line. 如果火車運(yùn)行正常，我們今天下午七點(diǎn)就到上海了 . 2)Before bedtime Xiao Ming will have pleted his work. 到上床睡覺的時候 ,小明會做完他的工作 (或作業(yè) ). 3)By February next year this foreign expert will have been here on this job for five years. 到明年二月 ,這個外國專家在這兒做這項(xiàng)工作 就滿五年了 . Exercises 1. It seems oil ______ from this pipe for some time. We’ll have to ? take the machine apart to put it right. A) had leaked B) is leaking C) leaked D) has been leaking ? 2. Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ______ today and are ? being modified by the work of scientists of our time. A) are to challenge B) may be challenged C) have been challenged D) are challenging ? 3. Ever since Picasso’s went on exhibit, there ______ large crowds ? at the museum every day. A) is B) has been C) have been D) are being