【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 etween the price of a good and the quantity demanded Depreciation 貶值A(chǔ) decrease in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreign currency it can buy Depression 蕭條A severe recession Diminishing marginal product 邊際產(chǎn)量遞減The property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases The property that the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases Diminishing returns 收益遞減The property that the benefit from an extra unit of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases Discount rate 貼現(xiàn)率The interest rate on the loans that the Fed makes to banks Discouraged workers 喪失信心的工人Individuals who would like to work but have given up looking for a job Discrimination 歧視The offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristics Diseconomies of scale 規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì)The property that longrun average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases Dominant strategy 優(yōu)勢(shì)戰(zhàn)略A strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other players debt 債務(wù)capital, such as bonds and bank loans, supplied to a firm by lenders。 the firm promises to repay the amount borrowed with interest decentralization 分權(quán)化organizational structure in which many individuals or subunits can make decisions decision tree 決策樹a device for structured decision making that spells out the choices and possible consequences of alternative actions deficit spending 赤字支出the situation that exists when government expenditures are greater than revenues deflation 通貨緊縮a persistent decrease in the general level of prices demandconstrained equilibrium 受需求約束的平衡the equilibrium that occurs when prices are stuck at a level above that at which aggregate demand equals aggregate supply at the current price level demandpull inflation 需求拉動(dòng)型通貨膨脹inflation whose initial cause is aggregate demand exceeding aggregate supply at the current price level demographic effects 人口效應(yīng)effects that arise from changes in characteristics of the population such as age, birthrates, and location deregulation 放松管制the lifting of government regulations to allow the market to function more freely devaluation 貶值a reduction in the rate of exchange between one currency and other currencies under a fixed exchange rate system developed countries 發(fā)達(dá)國家或工業(yè)化國家the wealthiest nations in the world, including Western Europe, the United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand diminishing marginal utility 邊際效用遞減the principle that says that as an individual consumes more and more of a good, each successive unit increases her utility, or enjoyment, less and less dividends 股息that portion of corporate profits paid out to shareholders downward rigidity of wages 工資下降剛性the situation that exists when wages do not fall quickly in response to a shift in the demand or supply curve for labor, resulting in an excess supply of labor dual economy 二元經(jīng)濟(jì)the separation in many LDCs between an impoverished rural sector and an urban sector that has higher wages and more advanced technology duopoly 雙頭壟斷an industry with only two firms durable goods 耐用品goods that provide a service over a number of years, such as cars, major appliances, and furniture dynamic consistency 動(dòng)態(tài)一致性a policy is said to have dynamic consistency when government announces a course of action and then has the incentives to actually carry out that policyEEconomics 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)The study of how society manages its scarce resources Economies of scale 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)The property that longrun average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases Efficiency 效率The property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of society。 The property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources Efficiency wages 效率工資Aboveequilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivity Efficient scale 有效規(guī)模The quantity of output that minimizes average total cost Elasticity 彈性A measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants Equilibrium 均衡A situation in which supply and demand have been brought into balance Equilibrium price 均衡價(jià)格The price that balances supply and demand Equilibrium quantity 均衡數(shù)量The quantity supplied and the quantity demanded when the price has adjusted to balance supply and demand Equity 平等The fairness of the distribution of wellbeing among the various buyers and sellers。 The property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society Excess demand 超額需求A situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied Excess supply 超額供給A situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded Excludability 排他性The property of a good that a person can be prevented from using it Exports 出口Goods and services that are produced domestically and sold abroad。 Goods produced domestically and sold abroad Externality 外部性The impact of one person39。s actions on the wellbeing of a bystandereconomic rents 經(jīng)濟(jì)租金payments made to a factor that are in excess of what is required to elicit the supply of that factor efficiency wage theory 效率工資理論the theory that paying higher wages (up to a point) lowers total production costs, for instance by leading to a more productive labor force economies of scope 范圍經(jīng)濟(jì)what exists when it is less expensive to produce two products together than it would be to produce each one separately efficient markets theory 有效市場(chǎng)理論the theory that all available information is reflected in the current price of an asset elasticity of labor supply 勞動(dòng)供給彈性the percentage change in labor supplied resulting from a 1% change in wages equi