【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 was Chairman of the Senate, this might strengthen president and Senate39。s relation. 　　Moreover, in the presidential election date, the voter must carry on Senate and the House of Representatives in the federal scope elects. According to the US in 1787 constitution, two courtyard congressmen by various states voter direct election production. Senate has congressman 100, the tenure in office 6 years, every two years reelects 1/3. House of Representatives congressman 435, the tenure in office two years, after expiring, reelect pletely. 　　American presidential election first stage preelection 　　The American presidential election process once every four years is long and is plex, mainly includes the preelection, various parties to convene the National People39。s Congress to determine that the presidential candidate, the presidential candidate campaigned for, the national election, electoral college voting by ballot with presidentelect takes office. 　　The preelection is the American presidential election first stage, regards as the American election39。s prelude. This stage usually starts in presidential year in February, finished to June. The innerparty preelection overwhelming majority is holds on Tuesday. In the preelection stage, the US democratic, republican Twoparty will select representative who separately in national majority states participates in this party the National People39。s Congress. Minority does not hold the preelection the state, selects representative who by two party39。s state mittees or the state Representative assembly participates in this party the National People39。s Congress. These representatives will propose this party39。s presidential candidate on party convention. Therefore, the preelection in fact is to presidential candidate qualifications contention.　　各州的預(yù)選制度是１９０２年以后才逐漸發(fā)展起來的。預(yù)選有兩種形式，分別是政黨基層會議（或譯為“黨團(tuán)會議”）和直接預(yù)選。前者是指兩黨在各州自下而上，從選舉點(diǎn)、縣、選區(qū)到州逐級召開代表會議，最終選出本黨參加全國代表大會的代表。后者在形式上如同普選，一個州的兩黨選民同一天到投票站投票選出本黨參加全國代表大會的代表，這是大多數(shù)州目前采用的預(yù)選方式。 　　“初選”在形式上如同普選，一個州的兩黨選民在同一天到投票站投票選出各自出席本黨全國代表大會（提名大會）的“承諾代表”（或譯為“宣誓代表”，須在全國黨代表大會即提名大會前宣誓，以地方意愿作為投票依歸），并表示支持本黨的某一競選人?！俺踹x”這種形式比較正規(guī)。目前，美國大多數(shù)州都采用這種形式的預(yù)選。 　　各州總統(tǒng)預(yù)選將產(chǎn)生本州參加全國代表大會的“承諾代表”，他們以預(yù)選結(jié)果為依據(jù)，承諾支持本黨的某一競選人。兩黨“承諾代表”的名額和分配機(jī)制有所不同。民主黨一般根據(jù)預(yù)選中各競選人的支持率來分配代表數(shù)額。共和黨在一部分州按競選人支持率來分配代表數(shù)額，在其他州則執(zhí)行“勝者全得”的規(guī)定。除“承諾代表”外，參加黨代會的還包括少數(shù)“未承諾代表”（民主黨稱“超級代表”）。他們主要是黨內(nèi)知名人士，如黨的全國委員會成員、參議員或州長以及黨派領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人等；他們并非經(jīng)由初選表決推舉，可以在黨代會前不承諾支持某位候選人。　　衡量競選人在預(yù)選中的表現(xiàn)，主要是看競選人獲得的本黨“承諾代表”支持的比例，而不取決于其獲得支持率的高低。兩黨競選人如要確保贏得總統(tǒng)候選人提名，至少需要獲得全國黨代會半數(shù)以上代表的支持。 　　在民主黨方面，各州都有一定的代表名額，參選者可根據(jù)在預(yù)選中的選民支持率分得相應(yīng)代表數(shù)額。在２００８年４０４９個代表名額中，３２５３個產(chǎn)生于州預(yù)選，其余７９６個“超級代表”則由民主黨全國委員會成員、民主黨參議員或州長以及黨派領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人自動獲得。在８月底于丹佛舉行的提名大會上，獲得２０２５名以上代表支持的競選人將代表民主黨競選總統(tǒng)。After various states39。 preelection system was 1902, only then gradually developed. The preelection has two forms, respectively is the political party basic unit conference (or translates is “political organization conference”) and the direct primary. The former is refers to two parties in various states from bottom to top, from represents the conference the election spot, the county, the electoral district to the state progressive convention, selects representative who finally this party participates in the National People39。s Congress. The latter formally is similar to a general election, a state39。s selects representative who two party voter same day to the polling booth voting this party participates in the National People39。s Congress, this is the preelection way which majority states use at present. 　　“the primary election” formally is similar to a general election, a state39。s two party voter selects attends this party respectively the National People39。s Congress (nomination congress) “the pledge in the same day to the polling booth voting to represent” (or translates is “takes an oath represents”, must be nomination congress takes an oath before nation Party congress, takes voting being converted to by place wish), and indicated that supports this party39。s some campaign person. “the primary election” this form is quite regular. At present, American majority states use this form the preelection. 　　Various states president will choose in advance will produce Honshu to participate in the National People39。s Congress “the pledge to represent”, they take will choose in advance the result as the bases, pledged that will support this party39。s some campaign person. Two parties “the pledge represent” the quota of people and the assignment mechanism differ from. In the Democratic Party general basis preelection campaigns for person39。s support level to assign respectively represents the amount. Republican Party according to campaigns for the person support level in part of states to assign represents the amount, carries out “the victor in other states entire” the stipulation. Besides “the pledge represents”, joins party convention also to include minority “the pledge not to represent” (the Democratic Party saying that “super re