【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 stem. Waring calls the three anizational models as the mechanical model, the sociotechnical model, and the human activity system approach. 5 In the mechanical model, the structures and processes of an anization are welldefined and logical, but people as individuals, groups, and the whole anizations are not considered. The sociotechnical model is an approach to work design which recognizes the interaction of technology39。 and people， and which produces work systems that are technically effective and have characters that lead to high job satisfaction. A positive dimension in this model is that human factors are seen important, for example, in munication, training and emergency responses. The last model, the human activity system approach focuses on people, and points out the plexity of anizations. The strength of this approach is that both formal (or technical) paradigms and human aspects like motivation, learning, culture, and power relations are considered. Waring points out that although the human activity approach does not automatically guarantee success, it has proven to be beneficial to anizations in the long run. 一些企業(yè)意識到在工作之中健康和安全是最重要的。在企業(yè)的安全管理的提升的過程中可以看到清晰的發(fā)展階段。華林根據(jù)其成熟度和建立一個有效的安全管理制度的 能力將組織劃分了三類。華林三種組織模式分別為為機械式模型，社會和技術(shù)模式，以及人類活動的系統(tǒng)方法。在機械式模型中，一個組織的結(jié)構(gòu)和流程都明確定義和邏輯，但并沒有考慮到人、群體和整個組織。社會和技術(shù)模式是通過設(shè)計工作，認識到技術(shù)與人的關(guān)系，開創(chuàng)了有效并具備高工作滿意度的工作系統(tǒng)。在此模型中的積極的方面是人為因素被視為重要的，例如，在通信，培訓(xùn)和緊急響應(yīng)。最后的模型中，人類活動的系統(tǒng)方法側(cè)重于人，并指出了組織的復(fù)雜性。這種方法的優(yōu)勢在于，正式（或技術(shù)）的范例和人力方面，如動機，學(xué)習(xí)，文化和能量關(guān)系的考慮。韋林指 出，雖然人類活動的做法并不能確保成功，它已被證明是對組織的長遠發(fā)展有利。 3. Safety Policy and Planning A status review is the basis for a safety policy and the planning of safety activities. According to BS 8800 a status review should pare the pany’s existing arrangements with the applicable legal requirements, anization39。s current safety guidelines, best practices in the industry’s branch， and the existing resources directed to safety activities. A thorough review ensures that the safety policy and the activities are developed specifically according to the needs of the pany. 狀態(tài) 評論 是一個安全政策和規(guī)劃基礎(chǔ)的安全活動。根據(jù) BS 8800的 狀態(tài)評估應(yīng)該將企業(yè)的當前狀況與適用的法律要求 ，組織當前的安全方針，在行業(yè)中表現(xiàn)最好的做法，及用于安全活動的現(xiàn)有資源進行比較。一個徹底的狀況評審能確保根據(jù)公司的需要來開發(fā)安全政策和活動。 A safety policy is the management’s expression of the direction to be followed in the anization. According to Petersen, a safety policy should mit the management at all levels and it should indicate which tasks, responsibilities and decisions are left to lowerlevel management. Booth and Lee have stated that a safety policy should also include safety goals as well as quantified objectives and priorities. The standard BS 8800 suggests that in the safety policy， management should show mitment to the following subjects ： 一個安全政策是組織中要遵守的指令在管理層的表現(xiàn)。安全政策應(yīng)指導(dǎo)各級管理人員，并應(yīng)說明哪些任務(wù)，職責和決定都留給 較低級別 的管理。布斯和 Lee 表示 ,安全政策還應(yīng)該包括安全目標、量化目標和優(yōu)先事項。根據(jù) BS 8800標準中的安全政策 ,管理人員應(yīng)該承諾以下主題 : 6 Health and safety are recognized as an integral part of business performance ； A high level of health and safety performance is a goal which is achieved by using the legal requirements as the minimum, and where the continual cost effective improvement of performance is the way to do things； Adequate and appropriate resources are provided to implement the safety policy； The health and safety objectives are set and published at least by internal notification ；The management of health and safety is a prime responsibility of the management ， from the most senior executive to the supervisory level ； The policy is understood, implemented, and maintained at all levels in the anization ；Employees are involved and consulted in order to gain mitment to the policy and its implementation。 The policy and the management system are reviewed periodically, and the pliance of the policy is audited on a regular basis。 It is ensured that employees receive appropriate training， and are petent to carry out their duties and responsibilities. 健康和安全被確認為經(jīng)營表現(xiàn)主要的組成部分； 一個高等級的健康和安全性能的水平的實現(xiàn)滿足法律要求是最低限度，應(yīng)采取持續(xù)的成本效益好的方式改善性能； 提供足夠和適當?shù)馁Y源來實施安全政策； 健康和安全目標的制定及公布至少以內(nèi)部通知，健康與安全的管理是管理的首要責任，應(yīng)從最高級管理人員的監(jiān)管水平出發(fā)； 該政策要被組織中的各 個層次人員理解，實施和維持； 員工參與和協(xié)商，以便能認可和執(zhí)行政策； 對政策和管理制度進行定期審查，定期進行政策的合規(guī)審計； 它確保員工受到適當?shù)呐嘤?xùn)，并有能力履行其職責及責任。 Some panies have developed socalled “safety principles’ which cover the key areas of the pany’s safety policy. These principles are utilized as safety guidelines hat are easy to remember, and which are often placed on wallboards and other public areas in the pany. As an example, the DuPont pany39。s safety principles are the following： 一些公司出臺了 安全準則，它涵蓋了公司在關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域的安全政策 ， 這些準則是一些很容易被記住的安全指導(dǎo)方針，經(jīng)常被放置在 墻板 上 或者是公司的其他公共場所。列 舉一個例子，杜邦公司的安全原則如下： All injuries and occupational illnesses can be prevented. Management is responsible for safely. Safety is an individual’s responsibility and a condition of employment. Training is an essential element for safe workplaces. Audits must be conducted. All deficiencies must be corrected promptly. It is essential to investigate all injuries and incidents with injury potential. Offthejob safety is an important part of the safety effort. 7 It is good business to prevent injuries and illnesses. People are the most important element of the safety and occupational health program. 所有的傷害和職業(yè)病是可以預(yù)防的。 管理者應(yīng)該為安全負責。 安全既是個人的責任也是接受雇傭的條件之一。 培訓(xùn)是構(gòu)成安全的工作場所的基本要素。 安全審計工作必須進行。 所有的不安全因素要及時糾正。 調(diào)查所有的傷害以及潛在的傷害事件是至關(guān)重要的。 工作時間外的安全是安全工作的重要組成部分。 預(yù)防受傷和疾病是有益的。 人是安全以及職業(yè)健康計劃中最重要的要素。 The safety policy should be put into practice through careful planning of the safety activities. Planning means determination of the safety objectives and priorities, and preparation of the working program to achieve the goals. A pany can have different objectives and priorities according to the nature of the typical hazards, and the current status of hazard control. However, some mon elements to a safety activity planning can be found. According to BS 8800， th