【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 note under my door. It was from Bill. He said he was in the town looking for a job. He hadn’t found anything yet. He added that he was sorry to have missed me. 這段話(huà)中有六句簡(jiǎn)單句，讀來(lái)單調(diào)乏味，而且句與句之間缺乏聯(lián)系?，F(xiàn)在我們將它修改如下，使意義更明確，并體現(xiàn)出句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系：When I returned to my room, I found a note from Bill under the door. He said he was in the town looking for a job, but hadn’t found anything yet. He added that he was sorry to have missed me.當(dāng)然我們也不提倡使用冗長(zhǎng)、造作的長(zhǎng)句，更不能把一些短句機(jī)械地堆積成一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句。下面的例子就是這種情況：It is about six o’clock when we finish supper and I get ready to go to the early show at the movies because I like to get out early so I can go dancing with the crowd.在段落中，我們可以利用長(zhǎng)句和短句各自的特點(diǎn)，發(fā)揮它們的長(zhǎng)處。短句言簡(jiǎn)意賅，意義明確，可以用在段首來(lái)提出討論的主題，和在段尾總結(jié)中心思想。中間的細(xì)節(jié)和論述部分可以由長(zhǎng)句來(lái)完成。如下面的段落中第一句為短句，也是段落的主題句，后面的長(zhǎng)句則是對(duì)第一句的說(shuō)明：Newspapers give a distorted view of life. They overemphasize the unusual, such as a mother giving birth to quintuplets, the development of a Christmas tree that grows its decorative cones, the minting of two pennies which were only halfengraved, gang fights, or teenage drinking.三、常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題（一）誤用平行結(jié)構(gòu)所謂平行結(jié)構(gòu) (parallelism) 是指把結(jié)構(gòu)相同或相似，意義相關(guān)，語(yǔ)義一致的幾個(gè)詞、短語(yǔ)、分句或句子并列使用。它的作用一是可以使句子流暢、連貫，二是可以使句子平衡、富于節(jié)奏感，且在表達(dá)上具有力度。如：He passes his time doing crossword puzzles and building model airplanes.If you leave a note, or if you telephone, I will get your message.平行結(jié)構(gòu)中各部分通常以重要性遞增的順序排列，如：With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. ――Martin Luther King平行結(jié)構(gòu)通常以并列連詞and, or ,but等連詞，或等立連詞either…or…, neither…nor…, both…and…, not only…but also…等連接。后者如：She knows not only what to say but also when to say it.平行結(jié)構(gòu)的形式特點(diǎn)在于同一語(yǔ)法或句法結(jié)構(gòu)的疊用，即名詞與名詞平行，動(dòng)詞與動(dòng)詞平行，短語(yǔ)與短語(yǔ)平行，分句與分句平行。在實(shí)際寫(xiě)作練習(xí)中，有些同學(xué)忽視了平行結(jié)構(gòu)這一特點(diǎn)，導(dǎo)致平行結(jié)構(gòu)的誤用。如：誤用：The game show contestant was told to be cheerful, charming, and with enthusiasm.改為：The game show contestant was told to be cheerful, charming, and enthusiastic.誤用：He writes equally well with pen and brush.改為：He writes equally well with pen and with brush.誤用：The disadvantages of nuclear reactors are their great danger and that they are very expensive.改為：The disadvantages of nuclear reactors are their great danger and their great expense.誤用：John, winner of many awards for swimming, but who had not swum for months, dived into the water and rescued the child.改為：John, who had won many awards for swimming, but who had not swum for months, dived into the water and rescued the child.誤用：He told the boy either to brush the horse or feed the chickens.改為：He told the boy either to brush the horse or to feed the chickens.（二）歧義句前面我們提到修飾語(yǔ)位置不當(dāng)會(huì)引起歧義，如：歧義：The rains that the crops had needed badly damaged the roads.改為：The rains that the crops had badly needed damaged the roads.或：The rains that the crops had needed damaged the roads badly.還有一種歧義是由代詞指代不明引起的。如：The teachers told the students that they are doing a good job.這句話(huà)中的代詞they是指the teachers 還是指the students，從句法上很難判斷。這種情況下，必須具體指出指代對(duì)象。上句可改為：The teachers said that the students are doing a good job.再看幾例：歧義：The two criminals didn’t what to do when they saw them.（they和 them 哪一個(gè)指代criminals？）改為：The two criminals didn’t what to do when the police saw them.歧義：Mary told her mother that her bike was broken.（her指 Mary還是 her mother？）改為：Mary told her mother, “My bike is broken.”或：Mary told her mother, “Your bike is broken.”（三）表意不清在寫(xiě)作中，有時(shí)會(huì)專(zhuān)注于句子結(jié)構(gòu)，而忽略了表達(dá)意義的準(zhǔn)確性、完整性，有時(shí)甚至?xí)霈F(xiàn)語(yǔ)義前后矛盾的現(xiàn)象。現(xiàn)舉例說(shuō)明：1. The box in my bedroom was too heavy for me to move, but at last I moved it downstairs.2. The explorer passed the impassable swamp at last.3. I shot the bird, but it flew away.4. You’d better pull out that tooth.5. His lecture is delivered in such easy English. 6. The old man is too weak.第一句和第二句都是語(yǔ)義矛盾，既然太重而搬不動(dòng)（too heavy for me to move），又如何搬到了樓下（moved it downstairs），既然是不可逾越（impassable），又是如何越過(guò)的（passed）？第三句的錯(cuò)誤是由于對(duì)shoot一詞的語(yǔ)義理解不準(zhǔn)確，shoot表示“射中”，所以與后面的it flew away矛盾；第四句表示“親自動(dòng)手拔掉自己的牙齒”，不太符合實(shí)際情況。第五句和第六句結(jié)構(gòu)和意義不完整。以上六句可改正如下：1. Though the box in my bedroom was very heavy, I managed to move it downstairs.2. The explorer passed the swamp at last through all kinds of hardships.3. I shot at the bird, but it flew away.4. You’d better have that tooth pulled out.5. His lecture is delivered in such easy English that t