【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 11 新詞的產(chǎn)生有3大來源：現(xiàn)代科學(xué)和技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展（ 45 ％ ） 。社會，經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治的變化（ 11 ％ ） 。 其它文化和語言的影響（ 24 ％ ）。12 Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, semantic change, borrowing.現(xiàn)代英語詞匯的發(fā)展主要通過三個渠道：創(chuàng)詞、舊詞新義和借詞。 Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements. In modern times, this is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.創(chuàng)造是指通過使用現(xiàn)有的材料，即詞根，詞綴和其它形式創(chuàng)造新詞。這是詞匯詞匯擴(kuò)展的最重要的形式。Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need. This does not increase the number of word forms but create many more new usages of the words, thus enriching the vocabulary. 舊詞新義是指賦予舊有新詞新的含義以滿足新的需要。這一方式不增加詞得數(shù)量，但卻創(chuàng)造了詞的許多新用法，以豐富詞匯。Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary, particularly in earlier times. Borrowed words constitute merely six to seven percent of all new worlds. In earlier stages of English, French, Greek and Scandinavian were the major ，尤其是在早期。借詞在所有新詞中，借詞只占6%。英語在早期階段主要是向法語、拉丁語、希臘語和斯堪的納維亞語借詞。Reviving archaic or obsolete words(復(fù)活古詞和廢棄詞) also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant.復(fù)活古詞和廢棄詞對整個英語詞匯來說雖然影響不大，但卻是是一種發(fā)展方式。Chapter 31 These different forms occur owing to different sound environment. These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes. In other words, the morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the position of words1 –在不同的發(fā)音環(huán)境下以不同形式出現(xiàn)。這些最小的有意義單位稱為詞素。
換言之，詞素是“構(gòu)詞中最小功能單位”2 Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning. The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme is to a phone.2 詞素（形位）是抽象的單位，是由分立的形素在話語中具體實現(xiàn)的?！靶嗡亍笔菍嶋H說出來的最小的意義攜帶體形位與形素的關(guān)系同音位與因素的關(guān)系一樣。3 These morphemes coincide with words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence. Words of this kind are called monomorphemic words. 3 這些詞素與詞一致，因為它們在句子中可以獨立起作用，這類詞叫單語素詞。4 Some morphemes, however, are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs.4 有些詞素根據(jù)它們在詞中的位置不同可有一個以上的不同形素實現(xiàn)，這些不同的形素叫詞素變體。5 There are cases where the allomorphs of the plural morpheme are realized by the change of an internal vowel or by zero morph.5 –名詞復(fù)數(shù)詞素的變體也有一些特殊情況，可以通過改變內(nèi)部元音來實現(xiàn)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。6 Free Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free. These morphemes have plete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. They are identical with root words, as each of them consists of a single free root, we might as well say that free morphemes are free roots.6 彼此之間相互獨立的詞素叫自由語素。這些詞素本身具有完整的意義，在句子中用作自由語法單位。自由詞素與根詞一致，因為根詞就是由單個的自由詞素構(gòu)成的。因此，我們不妨說自由詞素就是自由根詞。7 Bound Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are so named because they are bound to other morphemes to form words. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words.7 –不能獨立成詞的詞素叫做粘附詞素。之所以叫粘附詞素是因為它們要粘附在別的詞素上才能構(gòu)成詞。粘附詞素重要出現(xiàn)在派生詞里。8 Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and affix. 粘附詞素有兩類：粘附詞根和詞綴。 Bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a tree root, it is a bound form and has to bine with other morphemes to make words. 粘附詞根。就如自由詞根一樣，是帶有基本意義的詞的組成部分。與自由詞根不同的是，粘附詞根是一種粘附形式，必須與別的詞素結(jié)合在一起才能構(gòu)成詞。In English, bound roots are either Latin or Greek. Although they are limited in number, their productive power is amazing.英語中粘附詞素不是來源于拉丁語就是來源于希臘語。粘附詞素雖然數(shù)量不多，但卻有驚人的能產(chǎn)性，構(gòu)成數(shù)以百計的現(xiàn)代英語詞匯。 Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or 。According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into two groups。 inflectional and derivational affixes. 根據(jù)詞綴的功能，可講詞綴分為兩組：內(nèi)部屈折詞綴和派生詞綴。Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. The number of inflectional affixes is small and stable.加在詞尾表示語法關(guān)系的詞綴發(fā)生屈折變化，因此稱為內(nèi)部屈折詞素。內(nèi)部屈折詞綴數(shù)量很少而且穩(wěn)定。Derivational affixes. As the term indicates, derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. Derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes e before the ward and the suffixes after the 。是加在其他詞素上創(chuàng)造新詞的詞綴。派生詞綴還可以進(jìn)一步分為前綴和后綴。前綴加在詞的前面和后綴加在詞的后面。9 A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. The root, whether free or bound, generally carries the main ponent of meaning in a word. Root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed.9 詞根是一個詞的基本形式，這個形式若再分析下去就不再是這個詞了。不管是自由詞根還是粘附詞根，在詞中都是主要的意義成分。詞根是當(dāng)所有內(nèi)部屈折詞綴和派生詞追都去掉時剩下的那部分詞形。10 A stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in iron or of two root morphemes as in a pound like handcuff. It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes as in mouthful. A stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added10 –一個詞干可能由單個詞根詞素所組成，如iron（鐵，鐵制品）中：也可以由兩個詞根詞素所組成，如在復(fù)合詞handcuff（手銬）中，它可能是一個詞根詞素，外加一個或者更多的詞綴詞素。如在mouthful(滿口，少量)。因此，詞干可以定義為任何詞綴都可以添加的一個形式。
Chapter 4 Word Formation 2 1 Wordformation: affixation (30%40%), pounding (28%30%), conversion (26%), shortening (8%10%), blending and other means (1%) 構(gòu)詞的方式有：詞綴法（ 30 ％ 40 ％ ） ，復(fù)合法（ 28 ％ 30 ％ ） ，轉(zhuǎn)類法（ 26 ％ ） ，縮略法（ 8 ％ 10 ％ ） ，拼綴法和其他方法（ 1 ％5% ）2 Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding wordforming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, for new words created in this way are derived from old forms. The words formed in this way are called derivatives. 詞綴法可定義為通過給詞干加結(jié)構(gòu)詞詞綴或派生詞綴構(gòu)成新詞的一種構(gòu)詞方法。用這種方法構(gòu)成的詞叫派生構(gòu)詞。 Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the wordclass of the stem but only modify its meaning. Accordingly, we shall classify prefixes on a semantic basis into nine groups: Negative prefixes, Reversative prefixes, P