【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 resimplystackedoneontopofanotherlikeapileofhats.Thinkofthemasatightropewalker39。sbalancingpoletightropewalker走鋼絲表演者balancingpole平衡桿.mass重物Thebiggerthemassateachendofthepole,.anticipate[230。n39。tisipeit]預(yù)見到，預(yù)料Japanesemasterbuildersofathousandyearsagoanticipatedconceptsofmodernstructuralengineering.劍橋七—TEST2—2TheTureCostofFoodimmediate直接的Thatcost,however,isnotinimmediatecashThecostisinthecollateraldamageoftheverymethodsoffoodproductionthathavemadethefoodcheaper:inthepollutionofwater,theenervationofsoil,thedestructionofwildlife,collateral[k??l230。t?r?l]附帶的,次要的enervation[,en?39。vei??n]無活力。衰弱Firstmechanisation,thenmassuseofchemicalfertilisersandpesticides,thenmonocultures,thenbatteryrearingoflivestock,andnowgeneticengineering—theonwardmarchofintensivefarminghasseemedunstoppableinthelasthalfcentury,astheyieldsofproducehavesoared.mechanization機(jī)械化chemicalfertiliser[?f?:tilaiz?]化學(xué)肥料pesticide[?pestisaid]殺蟲劑monoculture單種栽培battery[?b230。t?ri]養(yǎng)雞房（養(yǎng)雞等用的成排雞籠,可使母雞多產(chǎn)蛋或育肥batteryrearing籠養(yǎng)livestock家畜,牲畜（如牛羊intensivefarming密集農(nóng)業(yè)yield產(chǎn)量；產(chǎn)出colossal[k??l?s?l]巨大的。廣大的。龐大的thedamageithascausedhasbeencolossalvanish消失InBritain,forexample,manyofourbestloved最喜歡的farmlandbirds,suchastheskylark云雀,thegreypartridge鷓鴣,thelapwing田鳧andthecornbunting黍鹀,havevanishedhedgerow[39。hed?r?u]（尤指英國田邊或路邊的）矮樹籬Thousandsofmilesofhedgerowsthousandsofponds,havedisappearedfromthelandscapeThefaecal排泄物的，渣滓的filth垃圾ofsalmonfarminghasdrivenwildsalmonfrommanyofthesealochsandriversofScotlandsalmon[?s230。m?n]大馬哈魚；三文魚（具有柔嫩粉紅色肉，特征是從咸水游到淡水中去產(chǎn)卵）loch(Scot蘇格蘭)湖，灣Naturalsoilfertilityisdroppinginmanyareasbecauseofcontinuousindustrialfertiliserandpesticideuse,soilfertility[f?:?tiliti]土壤肥力industrialfertiliser工業(yè)化肥whilethegrowthofalgaeisincreasinginlakesbecauseofthefertiliserrunoff.algae[39。230。lgi:]藻類。海藻e(cuò)xternality[,ekst?:39。n230。liti]外在性,客觀性Thatismainlybecausethecostsofallthisdamagearewhateconomistsrefertoasexternalitiesaesthetic[i:s?θetik]美學(xué)的Tomany,thecostsmaynotevenappeartobefinancialatall,butmerelyaestheticstaggering巨大的。驚人的Butthecoststosocietycanactuallybequantifiedand,whenaddedup,canamounttostaggeringsumsThisisequivalentto￡208foreveryhectareofarablelandandpermanentpasture,itwasaconservativeestimatebeequivalentto[i?kwiv?l?nt]等于(相當(dāng)于)arable[?230。r?b?l]適于耕種的。可開墾的pasture[?pɑ:st??]牧場conservativeestimate保守估計(jì).Thecostsincluded:￡120mforremovalofpesticides。￡16mforremovalofnitratesnitrogen氮nitricacid硝酸nitrate硝酸鹽。phosphorus磷phosphoricacid磷酸phosphate磷酸鹽sulphur硫。(氣體)soilerosion水土流失106mfromsoilerosionandorganiccarbonlossesthroughourtaxes,whichprovidetheenormoussubsidiesproppingupmodernintensivefarming,andthirdlytocleanupthemessthatmodernfarmingleavesbehind.subsidy[?s?bsidi]補(bǔ)助propup支持feasible[?fi:z?b?l]可行的afeasiblesuggestion,scheme,切實(shí)可行的建議﹑計(jì)劃viable=feasible切實(shí)可行的。可實(shí)施的aviableplan,proposition,proposal,agrochemical[,230。gr?u39。kemik?l]農(nóng)業(yè)化肥劍橋七—TEST2—3MaketeIntegratedRuralTransportProjectIntegrate[?intigreit]使成整體,使一體化ChinaisintegratedintotheinternationalmunitysincereformandopeningupThedisappointingresultsofmanyconventionalroadtransportprojectsinAfricaledsomeexpertstorethinkthestrategybywhichruraltransportproblemsweretobetackledatthebeginningofthe1980sdisappointing令人失望的,使人沮喪的conventional[k?n?ven??n?l]依照慣例的。約定俗成的。因循守舊的convention1，習(xí)俗,慣例2，（某一職業(yè)﹑團(tuán)體或政黨）的大會(huì):availability利用或獲得的可能性improvingtheavailabilityoftransportTheconceptof39。integratedruraltransport39。wasadoptedinthetaskofexaminingthetransportneedsoftheruralhouseholdsinthedistrict.adopt采納，吸收household一家人，家庭,戶objective目標(biāo),目的,Theobjectivewastoreducethetimeandeffortneededtoobtainaccesstoessentialgoodsandservicesthroughanimprovedruraltransportsystem.obtain獲得,得到access接近或進(jìn)入某地的）方法。通路Theunderlyingassumptionwasthatthetimesavedwouldbeusedinsteadforactivitiesthatwouldimprovethesocialandeconomicdevelopmentofthemunitiesunderlying潛藏在內(nèi)的,潛在性的assumption假定。設(shè)想。假說Tanzanian[?t230。nz??n???]坦桑尼亞的Tanzaniangovernment.Whentheprojectbegan,MaketeDistrictwasvirtuallytotallyisolatedduringtherainyseason.virtually[?v?:t?u?li]事實(shí)上,實(shí)質(zhì)上,實(shí)際上,幾乎isolate[?ais?leit]使孤立；使隔離rely依靠；依賴Peoplereliedprimarilyonthepaths,whichwereslipperyanddangerousduringtherains.primarily[39。praim?rili]主要地,首先地alternative[?:l?t?:n?tiv]選擇性的,二中擇一的alternativemeansoftransportwererestrictedtodonkeysinthenorthofthedistrict.alternate輪流。交替grindingmills磨房implement[?implim?nt]1，履行,實(shí)行,實(shí)施工具。器具。用具anumberofapproacheswereimplementedinanefforttoimprovemobilityandaccesstotransport.arduous[?ɑ:dju?s]困難的。wheelbarrow[39。hwi:l,b230。r?u]手推車.ox牛Oxenmanufacture[?m230。nju39。f230。kt??]制造,加工。Thelocallymanufacturedwheelbarrowswerestilltooexpensiveforallbutafewofthehouseholdsrefinement機(jī)器,技術(shù)等的精巧的改,改良focusedontherefinementandinstitutionalizationoftheseactivities.institutionalization制度化Theroadimprovementsandacpanyingmaintenancesystemhadhelpedmakethedistrictcentreaccessiblethroughout貫穿,從頭到尾theyearacpany陪伴的，附隨的accessible易接近的,可到達(dá)的,fluctuate[?fl?kt?ueit]波動(dòng)However,theimprovedpathsimpressedtheinhabitants,andrequestsforassistancegreatlyincreasedsoonafteronlyafewimprovementshadbeenpleted.inhabitant[in?h230。bit?nt]住戶,居民,居住者assistance協(xié)助topdown(規(guī)劃或設(shè)計(jì))從總體到細(xì)節(jié)的。綜合的ItwouldhavebeeneasytocriticisetheMIRTPforusingintheearlyphasesa39。topdown39。approachillustrate[?il?streit](以實(shí)例、比較等)說明,闡明Thisclearlyillustratestheneedforsupplementarymeasuresifonewantstoassisttheruralpoor.supplementary[?s?pli?ment?ri]補(bǔ)充的。附加的劍橋七—TEST3—1PASSAGE1AntIntelligencespring蹦。躍起。跳出Whenwethinkofintelligentmembersoftheanimalkingdom,thecreaturesthatspringimmediatelytomindareapesandmonkeysButinfactthesociallivesofsomemembersoftheinsectkingdomaresufficientlyplextosuggestmorethanahintofintelligencekingdom‘生物’(動(dòng)、植物分類上的)界suggest使人想起,使人聯(lián)想到hint細(xì)微的跡象。線索Amongthese,theworldoftheanthaseinforconsiderablescrutinylately,andtheideathatantsdemon