【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 戰(zhàn)爭等）的回憶被講述者通過啞劇或模仿詳細(xì)化，最終故事的每一角色都被不同的人來擔(dān)任。9. A closely related theory sees theater as evolving out of dances that are primarily pantomimic, rhythmical or gymnastic, or from imitations of animal noises and sounds.短語：see…as…：把…視為…evolve out of：從…進(jìn)化而來主干：a theory sees theater as evolving out of dances or from imitations釋義：一個(gè)與之緊密相關(guān)的理論認(rèn)為戲劇來源于舞蹈，這些舞蹈最初是啞劇的，有節(jié)奏的或者體操性質(zhì)的，亦或者來源于對(duì)動(dòng)物發(fā)出聲音的模仿。10. Admiration for the performer’s skill, virtuosity, and grace are seen as motivation for elaborating the activities into fully realized theatrical performances.主干：admiration are seen as motivation for elaborating the activities into performances釋義：對(duì)于表演者技巧，精湛技術(shù)和優(yōu)雅的崇拜被認(rèn)為是一種激勵(lì)，它促使將這些活動(dòng)精致化并使其最終成為夸張的表演。11. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century ., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations.短語：be set forth by…：由…提出take pleasure in doing…：從…中獲得樂趣主干：One sees human as imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating… and in seeing…釋義：一種理論在公元前4世紀(jì)由亞里士多德提出，它認(rèn)為人類天生具有模仿性通過模仿他人、他物和動(dòng)作以及觀看這種模仿來獲得歡愉。12. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life.分句：“through which they seek to reshape…”作定語從句修飾fantasy主干：Another suggests that human have a gift for fantansy釋義：另一在12世紀(jì)得到發(fā)展的理論認(rèn)為人類具有幻想的天賦，通過幻想人類試圖重塑現(xiàn)實(shí)，使其變得比現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中所遇到的更加令人滿意。13. Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact.主干：fantasy or fiction permits people to objectify…,confront…and fulfill…釋義：這樣，幻想和虛擬作品允許人們將他們的焦慮、恐懼具現(xiàn)化，并面對(duì)它們，同時(shí)滿足在現(xiàn)實(shí)中不能滿足的愿望。14. The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.分句：whereby意為“據(jù)此”，“whereby people define and understand…”作定語修飾tool主干：theater is one tool釋義：這樣，戲劇便成為人類定義生活，理解生活或者逃避痛苦現(xiàn)實(shí)的工具。15. For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the ic vision, since edy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than as serious threats to the welfare of the entire group.詞匯：detachment原指“偏離”，此處指一種超脫的觀點(diǎn)短語：deviations from social norms：指與社會(huì)準(zhǔn)則相偏離的表現(xiàn)主干：one sign is the appearance of the ic vision,since edy requires detachment to view deviation as ridiculous rather than as threats釋義：例如，這種情況的一個(gè)標(biāo)志是喜劇觀點(diǎn)的出現(xiàn)，因?yàn)橄矂∫笕藗兂浞值貜耐纯嘀忻撾x，并將一些與社會(huì)準(zhǔn)則相偏離的表現(xiàn)看做滑稽可笑的而不是視其為對(duì)群體利益的巨大威脅。16. For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their wellbeing and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.短語：cease to：停止（做某事）retain… as…：將…作為…保留下來分句：“they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites”為倒裝，實(shí)際上即“they retained the myths（that had grown up around the rites）as parts of their oral tradition”。主干：some societies ceased to consider rites essential and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained myths as oral tradition and admired them釋義：例如，一些早期社會(huì)不再認(rèn)為特定儀式與他們的安康息息相關(guān)從而拋棄了這些儀式，然而，他們將圍繞儀式產(chǎn)生的神話變?yōu)榭陬^傳授傳統(tǒng)的一部分，并且對(duì)其所具有的藝術(shù)價(jià)值而不是宗教價(jià)值進(jìn)行贊美。新托福TPO真題閱讀第二周難句匯總TPO211. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals.短語：cannot disguise their affinities with：不能掩蓋它們與…的姻親關(guān)系 land dwelling mammals：陸棲哺乳動(dòng)物釋義：鯨類動(dòng)物的流線型身體，后肢的缺少，三角狀尾鰭的存在以及頭頂?shù)某鰵饪祝ㄒ陨隙际堑湫偷暮Ｑ髣?dòng)物特點(diǎn)）并不能掩蓋它們與陸棲哺乳動(dòng)物的姻親關(guān)系。2.However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envisionwhat the first whales looked like.短語：unlike the case of:與…的情況不同 it is not easy to envision:很難想象…的樣子釋義：與海獺和其他鰭足動(dòng)物不同，人們很難想象最初鯨類的模樣。邏輯轉(zhuǎn)換：人們很難想象最初鯨類動(dòng)物的模樣，但與之相反，設(shè)想海獺等動(dòng)物的原始樣貌應(yīng)較為容易。3.How was thegap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged?釋義：本段主旨句，提出文章所討論的中心問題：從陸棲哺乳動(dòng)物到水生鯨類之間到底是如何進(jìn)化的？4. Pakicetus was found embedded in rocks formed from river deposits that were 52 million years old.分句：“formed from river deposits that were 52 million years old”：形成于距今52 million年前的河流沉積物中，修飾rocks釋義：化石P被發(fā)現(xiàn)鑲嵌在巖石中，該巖石從距今52 million年前的河流沉積物中演化而來。5. The fossil consists of a plete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans.短語：a plete skull：完整的頭骨分句：“an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans”修飾archaeocyte,即archaeocyte是鯨類動(dòng)物的一種已滅絕的祖先釋義：此句為事實(shí)1，化石P具有一個(gè)完整的鯨類始祖archaeocyte的頭骨。6. The skull is cetaceanlike but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales.分句：“that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales”部分修飾enlarged space釋義：化石P的顎骨（jawbones）缺少現(xiàn)代鯨類具有的擴(kuò)大性空間，這部分空間通常由脂肪和油脂填充并用來收聽水下聲音。此句為事實(shí)2。7. Pakicetusprobably detected sound through the ear opening as in land mammals.釋義：注意probably,此句為猜測1，化石P可能和陸棲動(dòng)物一樣通過耳孔來接受聲音。8. The skull also lacks a blowhole, another cetacean adaptation for diving.釋義：此句為事實(shí)3，P頭骨缺少氣孔，該氣孔是鯨類適應(yīng)潛水活動(dòng)的結(jié)構(gòu)。9. Other features, however, show experts thatPakicetusis a transitional form between a group of extinct flesheating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans.分句： “a group of extinct flesheating mammals”修飾“the mesonychid”，即M動(dòng)物是一類已滅絕的食肉哺乳動(dòng)物主干：Pakicetus is a transitional form between the mesonychids and cetaceans釋義：此句指明化石P正是食肉哺乳動(dòng)物M與鯨類的過渡階段形態(tài)，為本段結(jié)論。 has been suggested thatPakicetusfed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean.短語：fed on fish：以魚為食shallow water：淺水區(qū)釋義：注意suggested,此句為猜測2，即化石P可能生前靠淺水區(qū)魚類為食并尚未適應(yīng)海洋生活。11. It probably bre